Rectoscopy

Rectoscopy (or rectomanoscopy) is an endoscopic method for the diagnostic examination of the epithelium of the rectum, as well as, sometimes, the distal sections of the sigmoid colon.

During rectoscopy, visual inspection of these intestinal parts is performed using a device called a rectoscope (or a rectoscope). The device is inserted through the patient's anus in the rectum and can examine the areas of the direct and sigmoid intestines with a distance of thirty to thirty-five centimeters from the anus.

Rectoscope is a curved tube of small diameter up to thirty centimeters. It is equipped with a lighting fixture of cold light - an electric bulb and an air supply. Air is fed to expand the cavity of the rectum in order to ensure the possibility of its inspection. Then, after the air has inflated the cavity of the rectum, the device is disconnected for its supply and an eyepiece (or chamber) is attached to the rectoscope for visual inspection. Using the eyepiece, information about the state of the intestine is transmitted to a special monitor, on which the image can be scaled.

The possibilities of diagnostics with the help of rectoscopy allow to conduct a survey of the direct intestine in the depth of thirty to thirty-five centimeters from the anus. In modern medical practice, this method of research is used very often, because it has high informativeness and is completely painless for the patient.

The duration of the examination of the intestine depends on the number of procedures used in the diagnosis. In usual cases, the rectoscopy is carried out for ten minutes.

During the whole examination, the specialist-proctologist resorts to assessing the color, moisture, gloss, relief and elasticity of the epithelium, its folding, the pattern of vessels, the tone and motor function of the intestine. Important importance is attached to the search for pathological changes or formations of the rectum.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Preparation for rectoscopy

Preparation for rectoscopy is of great importance, since the reliability of diagnostic results depends on it.

A few days before the rectoscopy, the patient should use a special diet. It consists in the refusal of certain food products. Under the ban are bakery products, vegetables, fruits, legumes (beans, peas, lentils, beans, chickpeas, soybeans, etc.), sour-milk products, eggs, alcoholic drinks, coffee fizzy drinks. During the day, which precedes the carrying out of rectoscopy, you need to use a low-slack diet, which does not cause flatulence.

In the evening before the next day of diagnosis from drinks and dishes you can only drink tea.

Also, in the evening, a cleansing enema is performed, which is repeated an hour or two before the procedure in the morning. For the enema, you can use special cleansing gels designed for this purpose. Or, an enema with one and a half or two liters of room temperature water is used with the help of the Esmarch mug, which is available in any pharmacy. It is very important to thoroughly clean the intestines before the examination, this depends on the validity of the results of the examination.

From breakfast to the day of the procedure is recommended to refuse. Before the survey it is shown that drinking only pure non-carbonated water.

If the procedure of rectoscopy is scheduled for evening time, then during the day you need to limit yourself in nutrition as much as possible. Two hours before rectoscopy it will be necessary to apply two or three microclysters of the preparation Mikrolaks. This can be done at work - using Mikrolux is a convenient and quick procedure.

The method of carrying out the cleansing enema:

• A mug of Esmarch is taken, a volume of one and a half to two liters, which is a glass, enameled tank or a tank of disposable plastic. Eschmarch's mug is often rubber. To the bottom of the tank is attached a nipple, on which it is necessary to put on a rubber tube. At the end of the tube there is a removable tip, eight to ten centimeters long, which is made of plastic. It is necessary to inspect the tip before use - it should be whole, and its edges - even. Near the tip there is a valve, through which the water current is opened and buried. If the valve is absent, different clamps or clothespins can be used instead.
• Enema is carried out using drinking water. If the cleaning procedure is carried out for children, it is recommended that water is boiled and cooled to room temperature. For the enema, water is used, at a temperature of twenty-five to twenty-eight degrees. Cooler water should not be used because it increases the motor function of the intestine, and also causes unpleasant sensations in it. Water for an enema with a body temperature or higher is also unsuitable for use, since it has a feature of rapid absorption in the intestinal wall. 3.
• In the mug of Esmarch water is poured, in volume one and a half liters, the tank rises to a height of one and a half meters and is fixed there. This is best done in the bathroom. The tip is smeared with baby cream, petroleum jelly or vegetable oil. After that, the tip goes down, and the valve opens slightly to release a small amount of water from the tube, as well as air. Then you need to fill the tube with water, after which the valve must be closed.
• In the bathroom, you need to take the elbow-elbow position, resting on one elbow, and the second hand to insert a tip into the anus. It must be introduced in a circular motion, at a slow pace and with great care. Next, you need to open the tap and put water into the intestines. If it happened that the water did not flow into the intestine in full, but there were painful sensations, you need to close the valve and breathe a little. Then you can again open the valve and continue the introduction of water. When water is poured out of the reservoir, it is necessary to remove the tip from the anus, and in its place put a pre-prepared gasket.
• The recommended time, during which it is necessary to hold water - not less than ten minutes. If there are sensations of pain or a feeling of raspiraniya, you can remove these symptoms by light circular strokes of the abdomen. It is possible to walk around the house or lie on your stomach during the whole period of keeping the enema.
• The second variant of carrying out a cleansing enema is lying on the bed. It is necessary to take a lying position on the left side, and bend the legs and pull to yourself. Under the area of the buttocks, an oilcloth or a polyethylene film is put, one of the edges of which falls into a bucket, standing next to the bed. This should be done in case you can not keep all the water in the intestine. The lubricated tip is inserted into the anus. The initial three - four centimeters are introduced towards the navel, and the next five to six centimeters of the tip movement is carried out in the direction parallel to the coccyx, slightly raising in the direction of the perineum that part of the tip that is located outside. If there are various obstacles, for example, the tip is resting in a solid stool, then the tube should be moved back and open the valve. Water supplied under pressure will begin to enter the intestines and with its help "congestion" can be eliminated. This will create a feeling of bowel movement and want to empty it. At this point, you need to reduce the water supply by closing the valve. During the appearance of unpleasant sensations, you can stroke your stomach with gentle circular motions. After the introduction of water, lie down for ten minutes on your side or back, breathing deeply.
• If the rectum is clogged with feces so that water can not pass into the intestine, it is necessary to remove the tube from the anus, clean it outside and inside, and then repeat the procedure.
• When water is introduced into the intestine, do not pour it completely out of Esmarch's mug - it's best to leave a small amount of liquid on the bottom. Then the valve closes, and the tip is removed from the anus.
• After carrying out the cleansing enema, the tip is removed, thoroughly washed with soap under a stream of warm water, and then boiled.
• During one cleaning procedure, no more than one and a half to two liters of liquid can enter the intestine. If two enemas are produced, one by one, then a time interval of thirty-five to forty-five minutes should be made between them. The second enema should be placed only after it became certain that the contents of the first enema completely left the intestine.

Microlax before rectoscopy

The drug Mikrolaks can be used before rectoscopy instead of a cleansing enema. It is a locally prepared solution for use, which is packaged in tubes of 5 ml each. In the medicine package four pieces of tubes are produced and each is intended for use once.

To apply Mikrolaks, it is enough to carefully read the instruction and follow it. In this case, the drug is designed in such a way that it can be used in almost any environment where there is a bathroom, including at work and so on.

After the introduction of Microlax in the anus, the effect is observed after five to fifteen minutes. Through this medication, you can easily clean the distal sigmoid colon at a distance of twenty to thirty centimeters. Cleansing at this distance is quite suitable for inspection and procedure of rectoscopy.

The action of the drug is mild and dull, it does not have an aggressive effect on the patient's intestines, and also has no side effects for the whole organism. Because Mikrolaks is a safe remedy, it is prescribed for use by adults and children, as well as pregnant women and nursing mothers during breastfeeding.

Microlax is used as follows: you need to get rid of the seal located on the tip of the tube. Then it is necessary to squeeze the tube a little so that a drop of medication misses the tip of the enema. After that, the tip of the microclystia is inserted into the anus, the tube is squeezed, and its contents are completely squeezed out. At the very end of the procedure, the tip is removed from the anus, during which the tube must be compressed.

To prepare for a rectoscopy, you need to enter into the intestine two to three tubes of the drug in a time interval of five to ten minutes between them. Emptying of the intestine is observed after five to twenty minutes after using the medication.

If, for some reason, there is no emptying of the intestine after using the second tube of the drug, this means that there is simply no content in the intestine, and the preparation for rectoscopy was successful. But in case the patient still has doubts as the preparatory manipulations, it is possible to put a third microclism.

Mikrolaks is used for diagnostic examination no later than three hours before the procedure and no earlier than six hours before the test.

How are rectoscopes done?

Before the procedure, the specialist should receive the following information from the patient:

1. Does the patient have allergic reactions to any medications.
2. Does the patient have an increased tendency to bleed with small cuts or during tooth extraction.
3. Does the patient use drugs for blood clotting, for example, anoprine, warfarin, plavix, titslidom.
4. A female patient is not pregnant.
5. Does the patient have menstrual bleeding at the time of the examination.

Then, before the diagnosis by a proctologist, the anal area is examined and a rectal examination of the rectum is performed. This examination allows further revealing pathological changes in the intestine: it is possible to detect manifestations of hemorrhoids, paraproctitis, anal eczema, dermatitis, genital warts, various tumors, and so on.

Patients who are unfamiliar with this procedure, but who have a doctor's appointment to undergo the examination by rectoscopy, it is important to know in advance how the rectoscopy is done.

The procedure of rectoscopy is performed at the knee-elbow or knee-brachial position of the patient, which is located on the couch, or in a lying position on the left side. If the procedure is carried out, when the patient lies on his side, he needs to bend his knees and press them to the stomach. You can make a survey and on the gynecological chair, when the patient is lying on his back.

Before rectification, the patient gets rid of clothes below the belt and occupies the indicated position. Then the specialist conducts a finger examination of the anus. Then the tube of the device is smeared with lidocaine gel and vaseline (or other indifferent oil). The patient needs to take a deep breath and delay breathing, and then slowly exhale and at the same time relax the opposite shoulder to the side where the patient lies. It is also necessary to relax the muscles of the neck at the moment of exhalation.

Now the specialist can slowly and with great care insert the rectoscope into the anus at a depth of five centimeters with the help of rotating movements. After this, since the tube is already located behind the sphincter, the obturator (the plug located inside the tube) is removed, and the examination is carried out only with the help of vision.

When the tube of the device has already moved a distance of twelve to fourteen centimeters, into the zone of rectosigmoid bending, the patient is asked to repeat a deep breath and then slowly exhale, as last time. During the inhalation and exhalation, the air is pumped into the intestine by means of a special pear. The actions of the patient and the doctor help the lung penetration of the rectoscope into the sigmoid colon. If, suddenly the movement of the device is hampered, the patient's examination immediately stops, and the rectoscope is extracted outward.

It should also be noted that during the time when the tube is moving in the rectum, a small amount of air is constantly fed into it. This is necessary in order to ensure the ease and painlessness of the penetration of the rectoscope into the intestine.

The procedure of rectoscopy is performed by circular movements with the distal end of the rectoscope and allows you to examine the intestinal walls from the anal canal to the distal third of the sigmoid colon.

Anoscopy and rectoscopy

To thoroughly investigate the anal canal, as a rule, before the rectoscopy, an anoscopy procedure is used. Anoscopy is the examination of the anal canal area of some part of the rectum with the help of visual observation. This diagnostic procedure is performed using an anoscope. The device anoscope is a special tool in the form of a cone-shaped tube, similar to a gynecological mirror of a small size and is about six to eight centimeters long. Inside the tube there is an obturator (plug), and using a fiber optic adapter (adapter) a light device is connected to the tube, which is integrated into the anoscope handle. Modern anoscopes are equipped with light guide adapters, which can combine the device and any light cables.

There are two types of anoscope - diagnostic and therapeutic. The therapeutical view of the anoscope differs from the diagnostic one in the form of a special recess for connecting endosurgical instruments.

Using an anoscope, you can examine the area of the anus and the rectum to a depth of eight to twelve to fourteen centimeters. In the diagnostic zone, the anorectal region with internal hemorrhoidal nodes also enters. It happens that the nodes of the hemorrhoids are located too high in the anal canal, because of what they can not be examined using the procedure of anoscopy.

During the diagnosis, a visual examination of the color and structure of the rectum epithelium is made. If necessary, a biopsy is performed, that is, a sample of pathologically altered tissue is taken for histological examination. The procedure of anoscopy is reliable for detection of hemorrhoids, neoplasms of the rectum - polyps and condylomas, detection of inflammatory processes in the anus.

Anoscopy is performed in the same patient position as the rectoscopy. Before it is carried out, a rectal finger examination of the patient is always used, since this procedure helps to exclude various contraindications to the use of anoscopy. If diseases are found in which diagnostics can not be carried out, the examination is postponed to the moment when acute conditions stop.

Before the introduction of the anoscope, its valves are lubricated with glycerol, and then the anal canal expands to insert the instrument. The anoscope is inserted into the anus using slow circular motions. In this case, you can observe the presence of hemorrhoids, crypts, hypertrophied papillae and anal tumors. After removal of the obturator (eyepiece for visual observation), the anoscope is slowly and carefully withdrawn from the anus.

Indications for anoscopy:

• The presence of pain in the anus.
• The appearance of bleeding from the anus.
• The appearance of mucous or purulent discharge from the anus.
• The appearance of violations of bowel movement - the appearance of constipation or diarrhea.
• There are suspicions of rectum disease.

Contraindications to anoscopy:

There are no complete contraindications to the use of the procedure.

Relative contraindications are:

• the presence of a narrowed lumen of the anal valve,
• the presence of a narrowed lumen of the rectum,
• the presence of acute inflammation in the anus - the emergence of acute paraproctitis, thrombosis of hemorrhoidal vessels,
• tumor processes in the anal canal stenosing nature,
• acute stage of chemical and thermal burns.

Preparation for anoscopy is carried out by using a cleansing enema after bowel movement. To do this, take water at room temperature in the amount of one and a half to two liters and put an enema, the technology of which is described in the section "Preparing for rectoscopy."

In some cases, along with the examination, it is necessary to perform therapeutic measures such as the introduction of drugs into the rectum, the use of electrocoagulation or infrared coagulation, a procedure for ligating or sclerosing hemorrhoids is performed.

The procedure of anoscopy has no complications, therefore, it is absolutely safe and painless.

[6], [7]

Colonoscopy and rectoscopy

Colonoscopy is a method of examination of the large intestine in modern medicine, which is used for diagnosis and therapy. With the help of a colonoscopy, the mucosa of the walls of the colon is examined by means of an endoscope device.

The endoscope is a flexible tube, with a diameter of up to one centimeter and a length of about one and a half meters. At the end of the endoscope, which is inserted into the anus, there is a small lighting device, as well as an eyepiece, through which visual observation is carried out. Colonoscopy and rectoscopy have differences in that the first procedure allows you to examine all parts of the large intestine, starting from the rectum and ending with the blind.

With the help of a colonoscopy it is possible to establish or confirm the diagnosis of the following diseases: symptoms of ulcerative colitis, benign tumors, malignant neoplasms, Crohn's disease and so on. Throughout the survey, you can record the observation process with video recording, take photographs of the desired areas, and take tissue samples with a biopsy procedure for further histological examination. In the course of the colonoscopy, it is possible to remove the pathological formations that were discovered as a result of this study.

Colonoscopy can be performed by a specialist-proctologist or endoscopist. To conduct a colonoscopy, the patient takes off all his clothes and puts on a special robe. Diagnosis is carried out in the patient's reclining position: the patient lies on the left side, bends the legs in the knees and presses them to the chest.

The general procedure for conducting a colonoscopy is as follows: a slightly bent device is used to exclude pathological areas with interfold spaces and sharp bends. The endoscope is inserted into the anus with slow and pointed circular movements clockwise and counterclockwise. The advancement of the device is controlled by the eyes, for which the air is supplied to the large intestine, which helps to create a clearance for movement of the instrument and for observation. At this time, the distal end of the instrument is bent in the form of large and small screws in the up and down direction, and also to the right and to the left. If a large amount of air has formed in the intestine, which interferes with the examination, it is excreted through the anus, as well as the liquid filling of the intestine, which managed to accumulate in it. A special pump is used for this purpose.

Indications for colonoscopy:

Symptoms of any diseases of the large intestine are indications for the use of this method of research. Colonoscopy is used for:

• Gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Violation of the emptying of the intestine - the appearance of constipation or diarrhea.
• With signs of intestinal obstruction.
• Isolation of clots of mucus or pus from the anus.
• With symptoms of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease.
• When suspected of having intestinal benign or malignant neoplasms.

There are also therapeutic indications, which presuppose carrying out of medical procedures:

• Removal of benign tumors.
• Conducting the procedure of coagulation of the detected sources of intestinal bleeding.
• Elimination of a curvature or intussusception of the intestine.

Contraindications to colonoscopy:

• Absolute contraindications, in which the conduct of this survey is prohibited:
  • the presence of a shock state,
  • the emergence of an acute myocardial infarction,
  • presence of intestinal perforation,
  • the appearance of a lightning-fast form of ischemic colitis.
• Relative protypological indications for the procedure are as follows:
  • intestinal bleeding from the anus,
  • poor preparation for the procedure,
  • carried out earlier in large numbers of surgical interventions in the pelvic region,
  • the presence of large hernias,
  • the presence of pulmonary insufficiency,
  • available heart failure,
  • the presence of artificial valves in the patient.

The colonoscopy should be prepared: the measures taken will ensure the possibility of conducting a survey, and also make the diagnosis the most reliable and informative. The main condition for colonoscopy is the absence of feces in the large intestine. In case of insufficient intestinal cleanliness, the patient is not examined. Sometimes, the expert, nevertheless, can make the diagnosis, but in this case the probability of errors is high, as some changes in the intestine can be missed.

Preparing for a colonoscopy is to do the following:

• It is necessary to use special dietary food, which the patient resorts to two days before the scheduled time of diagnosis. With the existing permanent constipation, it is necessary to go on a diet three to four days before the examination. Excluded are all foods that contribute to the emergence of voluminous stools and flatulence. For a while you need to stop using fruits (peaches, apples, grapes, dates, apricots, mandarins, oranges, bananas) in the diet, raw vegetables (beets, cabbage, carrots, radishes, turnips, radishes, garlic, onions), raspberry and gooseberries, and also greens. Harvest from the diet pearl barley, oatmeal and millet porridge, as well as bakery products, especially black bread. Under the ban - for a while - are nuts, seeds, mushrooms, carbonated drinks and alcohol, legumes (beans, peas, lentils, soybeans, chickpeas, beans), kvass and milk.
• While using the diet, it is allowed to eat low-fat boiled fish and poultry, clear broths, sour-milk products, dry biscuits, jelly, non-carbonated drinks, weak tea.
• On the day when colonoscopy is scheduled, you can only eat liquids: broths, boiled water, tea.
• During the application in the diet preparatory diet can not use iron preparations, as well as activated charcoal.
• Twenty-four hours before the examination, you need to cleanse the intestines with enemas and laxatives.

[8], [9]

Performing rectoscopy in children

Rectoscopy, because of its pain and safety, can be recommended to children. There are the following indications for the procedure:

1. The presence of bleeding from the lower intestine, which have varying intensity and periodicity.
2. The appearance of a feeling of incomplete emptying of the intestine.
3. Abaissement from the anus of formations similar to the tumor, as well as hemorrhoids and the rectum.

The procedure of rectoscopy performed for children allows to reveal various diseases of the digestive tract: it is possible to detect ulcerative colitis, acute and chronic proctosigmoiditis, an anomaly in the development of the distal part of the large intestine, various tumor processes and other pathologies.

Contraindications for carrying out rectoscopy in childhood is the presence of inflammatory processes in the region of the anus and perianal part of the intestine, as well as a greater degree of narrowing of the anal canal.

In order to prepare a child for examination in the morning, in the evening, a cleansing enema is performed, which is repeated in the morning one or two hours before the rectoscopy. If there is a possibility of endoscopic intervention, the intestine of the child is prepared in such a way as for colonoscopy.

The procedure for performing rectoscopy for older children does not differ from the procedure of rectoscopy in adult patients. To children of younger age group, the examination is performed under general anesthesia and in a supine position on the back.

Rectoscopy for children is carried out with the help of children's rectoscopes, to which removable tubes of different diameters are attached. There are also different sets of instruments for children, with which you can carry out endoscopic intervention.

As in adults, the expert draws attention to the condition of the intestinal mucosa during the diagnosis: the color of the epithelium, the characteristic features of the surface, the gloss, the pattern of the vessels, the presence or absence of overlays, the severity of the gestation are taken into account.

Rectoscopy of the intestine

The examination with the help of rectoscopy is carried out as the purpose of preventive research in order, if possible, to prevent the development of various diseases, and in the presence of certain disturbing symptoms. For the purpose of prophylaxis, intestinal rectoscopy is prescribed for patients over forty years of age and is administered once a year.

Indications for use of rectoscopy:

1. The presence of pain in the anal area.
2. The appearance of disorders of stool - constipation or diarrhea.
3. The occurrence of intestinal bleeding.
4. Appearance of mucous or purulent discharge from the anus.
5. The appearance of a feeling of incomplete emptying of the intestine.

It can be said that any pathological changes in the rectum and in the lower part of the sigmoid colon or the suspected changes in these changes are indications for carrying out rectoscopy.

Contraindications to the application of rectoscopy:

1. The appearance of profuse bleeding from the intestine.
2. The presence of acute inflammation in the region of the anus - hemorrhoids, paraproctitis and so on.
3. There are acute inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity.
4. Appearance of acute anal fissure in patients.
5. The appearance of a narrowing of the lumen of the anal canal due to various reasons - congenital or acquired. Usually, such a symptom is one of the signs of a tumor of the rectum.
6. The appearance of traumatic lesions of the anus. For example, as a result of chemical or thermal burns.
7. The history of heart disease, which are at the stage of decompensation.
8. A severe condition of a general patient or manifestation of acute forms of illness.
9. Existing menstrual bleeding in women.

The procedure of rectoscopy makes it possible to detect various neoplasms of the rectum and some parts of the sigmoid colon even in precancerous stages, when the tumor state is reversible. In addition to visual examination, it is possible to take a biopsy (that is, part of the tissue) of that area of the rectum wall that causes suspicion. In the future, the pathological piece of the intestine is subjected to a histological examination for the presence of altered cells in it.

Reliability of rectoscopy is high due to the fact that a specialist can not only notice neoplasms on the mucosa of the rectum, but also examine it in detail.

With the help of rectoscopy, you can not only examine the intestines of the patient, but also remove small tumors. This procedure is quick and non-traumatic and protects the patient from a cavitary operation, which causes great inconvenience to patients.

Also with the help of rectoscopy it is possible to stop the existing bleeding that has arisen from the mucous membranes of the intestine with the help of special electrodes.

The importance of diagnostics with the help of rectoscopy is now very large. Recently, in modern society there has been a steady increase in the number of tumorous diseases of the large intestine. The possibilities of medicine now allow us to treat this terrible disease, but only in the early stages. But the initial stages of colon cancer, like many other tumors, are practically asymptomatic. Therefore, there is no diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease in the early stages. And only at a late stage of the disease the tumor manifests itself through strong symptoms, but during this period the treatment becomes inconclusive.

Rectoscopy of the rectum

Rectoscopy of the rectum is recorded using a unified procedure that allows you to record pathological changes in the intestine. To fix the data obtained by examining the area of the anus and perineum, the clock dial scheme is used. The circumference of the anus is divided into areas that correspond to the notation of the clock face. The projection is performed in such a way that the "12 o'clock" mark is on the scrotal seam or genital slit, the "6 o'clock" mark on the anoko line, "9 o'clock" to the right of the anal opening, and "3 hours" to the left of the anus. The line that connects the notation has a conditional passage along the middle of the anus, and also delimits the anus to two semicircles - the anterior and the posterior. It should be noted that the patient is located on his back.

Is it painful to do rectoscopy?

Before performing a rectoscopy, patients usually ask themselves: is it painful to do rectoscopy?

The procedure of rectoscopy is completely painless. Both visual examination of the intestine, and taking a biopsy, and a method of stopping bleeding with electrodes are characterized by a complete lack of pain.

After carrying out the rectoscopy, no side effects are observed. In some cases, after the end of the examination, there is a feeling of swelling and pressure in the abdomen. These symptoms are caused by the presence of air that enters the intestines during the diagnosis. This symptomatology disappears after a short period of time and no longer disturbs the patient.

In some, very rare cases, bleeding or perforation of the large intestine may occur. When these complications appear, emergency medical care should be used.

It is believed that this diagnostic examination is safe, because the severe complications mentioned earlier are extremely rare. Therefore, this procedure is recommended for both pregnant women and children. But in these cases, rectoscopy should be carried out only on the available evidence and with great care.

If pain sensations appear during the rectoscopy, it means that the patient has some extraintestinal formations or the large intestine has a slightly different version of the anatomical structure. Careful examination of the patient in the event of pain, in order to clarify the cause of its occurrence, is performed after removal of the tube.

Price of rectoscopy

The price of the procedure of rectoscopy varies depending on the locality in which the survey is conducted.

In some medical institutions the cost of the procedure is 120 - 125 UAH., In other medical institutions for the rectoscopy it is necessary to pay 180 UAH.

The declared cost of diagnosis includes consultation of the proctologist with the diagnosis, a physical examination of the patient, finger examination of the anus and rectum area and the procedure of rectoscopy itself. Currently, many medical institutions in parallel with rectoscopy and carry out the procedure of video-on-video, which is included in the cost of diagnosis.