Compression fracture of the thoracic vertebrae is one of the most common causes of pain in the thoracic spine. Compression fracture of the spine is often a consequence of osteoporosis, but can also occur as a result of a spinal injury of the "acceleration-deceleration" type.
Spinal tumors can develop within the spinal cord parenchyma (intramedullary), directly damaging tissue, or outside the spinal cord (extramedullary), causing compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease of the skeleton, characterized by decreased bone mass and microarchitectural changes in bone tissue, which in turn leads to bone fragility and a tendency to fracture (WHO, 1994).
Spinal cord infarction is usually caused by damage to the extravertebral arteries. Symptoms include sudden and severe back pain, bilateral flaccid limb paresis, decreased (loss) sensitivity, particularly pain and temperature.
Arteriovenous malformations within or around the spinal cord may cause spinal cord compression, parenchymal hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or a combination of these phenomena.
In the English-language literature, the term "failed back surgery syndrome" (FBSS) is used - a syndrome of failed spine surgery, which is defined as long-term or recurring chronic pain in the lower back and/or legs after anatomically successful spine surgery.
Spondylolisthesis is a subluxation of the lumbar vertebrae, usually occurring in adolescents. It often occurs in the presence of a congenital intra-articular defect (spondylolysis).
