Kidney anomalies

Anomaly (anomalia, from Greek "deviation") is an inherent deviation from the structure and / or function inherent in this biological species. Anomalies of kidney development - diseases of the genitourinary system and are the most common and account for about 40% of congenital malformations.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Forms

A large number and variety of identified malformations required their systematization. The first attempts to create a classification were made by I. Delmas and P. Delmas in 1910, I.Kh. Dzirne in 1914, the joint venture. Fedorov in 1924. The most complete was the classification proposed by E.I. Hympelson in 1936, and in a somewhat expanded form - in 1958. R. Marton. These classifications are used by many urologists so far both in our country and abroad. However, the appearance at the end of the 20th century of such diagnostic methods as angiography, nephroscintigraphy, CT, allowed in 1987 NA. Lopatkin and A.V. Any suggestion of the following classification.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

Abnormalities of the renal vessels

• Anomalies of quantity:
  • additional renal artery;
  • double renal artery;
  • multiple arteries.
• Anomalies of position:
  • lumbar;
  • iliac;
  • pelvic dystopia of the renal arteries.
• Anomalies in the shape and structure of arterial trunks:
  • aneurysms of the renal arteries (one- and two-sided);
  • fibromuscular stenosis of the renal arteries;
  • knee - like renal artery.
• Congenital arteriovenous fistulas.
• Congenital changes of renal veins:
  • abnormalities of the right renal vein (multiple veins, admission of the vein of the testicle to the renal vein on the right);
  • anomalies of the left renal vein (ring-shaped left renal vein, retro-aortic left renal vein, an ostracaval inflow of the left renal vein).

Kidney anomalies

• Aplasia.
• Duplication of the kidney is complete and incomplete.
• Additional, the third kidney.

Kidney anomalies

• Hypoplasia (rudimentary, dwarf kidney)

[10], [11], [12], [13]

Anomalies in the location and shape of the kidneys

• Kidney Dystopia:
  • one-sided (thoracic, lumbar, iliac, pelvic);
  • cross.
• Kidney fistula:
  • one-sided (I-shaped kidney);
  • bilateral (symmetrical - horseshoe, galeous kidney, asymmetrical - L and S-shaped kidneys).

[14], [15], [16], [17]

Abnormalities of the kidney structure

• Dysplastic kidney.
• Multicystic kidney.
• Polycystic kidney disease:
  • polycystosis of adults;
  • polycystosis of childhood.
• Solitary cysts of the kidneys:
  • simple;
  • dermoid.
• Paraplevikalnaya cyst, cup and pelvis cysts.
• Cup-medullary anomalies:
  • megacalix;
  • polymegalkalix;
  • spongy kidney.

[18], [19]

Combined kidney anomalies

• with vesicoureteral reflux (PMR);
• with IVO;
• with DMR and IVO;
• with anomalies of other organs and systems (sexual, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, digestive).

Studies of recent years have changed some of our ideas about the belonging of certain states to developmental anomalies, and some abnormalities of kidney development can be attributed to other species.

[20], [21], [22], [23], [24],