Diseases of the lungs, bronchi and pleura (pulmonology)

Pneumomediastinum

Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum. The three main causes of pneumomediastinum are a rupture of the alveoli with a breakthrough of air into the mediastinum, perforation of the esophagus and rupture of the stomach or intestine with the breakthrough of air from the neck or from the abdominal cavity to the mediastinum.

Pleural fibrosis and calcification

Pleural fibrosis and calcification are usually benign complications of pleural inflammation or asbestos exposure. Pleural fibrosis and calcification may be post-inflammatory or associated with exposure to asbestos.

Pleural effusion

Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. The reasons for effusions can be very diverse, so they are usually classified as transudates or exudates. Identify in the physical examination and radiography of chest organs; Puncture of the pleural cavity with subsequent study of the pleural fluid often allows you to determine the cause of the effusion.

Mediastinitis

Mediastinitis is an inflammatory process in the organs of the mediastinum, which often leads to compression of the vessels and nerves. In clinic all inflammatory processes, which in clinical practice most often determine the mediastinal syndrome, including traumatic injuries, are treated with the term "mediastinitis".

Volumetric formations of the mediastinum

The voluminous mediastinal formations are represented by various cysts and tumors; the probable causes of them depend on the age of the patient and the localization of education in the anterior, middle or posterior mediastinum.

Pulmonary-renal syndrome

Pulmonary-renal syndrome (LPS) is a combination of diffuse alveolar bleeding and glomerulonephritis.

Pulmonary hemorrhage

Syndrome of diffuse alveolar bleeding is a persistent or recurring pulmonary hemorrhage.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome - hypoxemia caused by vasodilation in patients with portal hypertension; Dyspnea and hypoxemia are worse in an upright position.

Lung inflammation caused by inhalation of toxic substances

The effect of inhalation of toxic gases depends on the intensity and duration of exposure and the type of stimulus. Toxic effects predominantly damage the respiratory tract, causing tracheitis, bronchitis and bronchiolitis.

Silicosis

Silicosis is caused by inhalation of non-crystallized quartz dust and is characterized by nodular pulmonary fibrosis. Chronic silicosis initially does not cause any symptoms or causes only mild dyspnea, but over the years it can progress with the involvement of large volumes of lungs and lead to shortness of breath, hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

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