Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders (endocrinology)

Adrenogenital syndrome

Adrenogenital syndrome (adrenal virilism) is a syndrome in which an excessive amount of adrenal androgen causes virilization. The diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by elevated levels of androgens with and without suppression of dexamethasone; To determine the cause of the cause, it may be necessary to visualize the adrenal glands with a biopsy when revealing volumetric formation. Treatment of adrenogenital syndrome depends on the cause.

Polyglandular insufficiency syndromes

Syndromes of polyglandular insufficiency (autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, syndromes of polyendocrine deficiencies) are characterized by competitive disruption of the function of several endocrine glands.

Type IIB multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome, IIB type (MEN IIB, MEN type II syndrome, neuroma mucosa syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis) is characterized by multiple mucous neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and often Marfan syndrome.

Increased volume of extracellular fluid

The increase in the volume of the extracellular fluid is caused by an increase in the total sodium content in the body. Usually observed with heart failure, nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations include weight gain, swelling, orthopnea. Diagnosis is based on clinical data. The goal of the treatment is to correct excess fluid and eliminate the cause.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is the total plasma calcium concentration greater than 10.4 mg / dL (> 2.60 mmol / L) or the ionized plasma level of more than 5.2 mg / dL (> 1.30 mmol / l). The main reasons include hyperparathyroidism, toxicity of vitamin D, cancer.

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome II A type

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome IIA type (MEN type IIA syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type IIA syndrome, Sipple syndrome) is a hereditary syndrome and is characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism. The clinical picture depends on the affected glandular elements.

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome type I

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome, or Type I MEN (multiple type I endocrine adenomatosis, Vermeer's syndrome), is a hereditary disease characterized by tumors in the parathyroid glands, in the pancreas and in the pituitary gland. Clinical manifestations are expressed by hyperparasitism and asymptomatic hypercalcemia.

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is a serum phosphate concentration of more than 4.5 mg / dL (greater than 1.46 mmol / L). The causes include chronic renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, metabolic or respiratory acidosis. The clinical symptoms of hyperphosphataemia may be associated with concomitant hypocalcemia and may include tetanus.

Hypomagnesemia

Hypomagnesium - the concentration of magnesium in the plasma is less than 1.4 meq / l (<0.7 mmol / l). Possible reasons include insufficient intake and absorption of magnesium, increased excretion due to hypercalcemia or the administration of preparations of the furosemide type. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia are associated with concomitant hypokalemia and hypocalcemia, include lethargy, tremor, tetany, convulsions, arrhythmias.

Lactic acidosis

Lactoacidosis develops as a result of increased production or a decrease in lactate metabolism, as well as their combination. Lactate is a normal by-product of the metabolism of glucose and amino acids. The most severe form is lactoacidosis of type A, which develops during the hyperproduction of lactic acid in ischemic tissue for the formation of ATP in the presence of O2 deficiency.

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