Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders (endocrinology)

Modern approaches to the prevention of obesity

Obesity, which is a pathological increase in body weight due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, is an independent chronic disease and at the same time an important risk factor for insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, cholelithiasis and some malignant tumors.

The relationship between obesity and diabetes mellitus with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in sleep

The literature data of clinical trials in which obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) syndrome is considered as a risk factor for the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, are presented.

Simple nontoxic goiter (euthyroid goiter)

A simple nontoxic goiter, which can be diffuse or nodular, is a non-tumor hypertrophy of the thyroid without an evolving state of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or inflammation.

Non-functional adrenal formations

Nonfunctioning adrenal glands are adrenal lesions that do not possess hormonal activity. Symptoms, signs and treatment depend on nature and size.

Carcinoid Syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome develops only in some patients with carcinoid tumors and is characterized by a kind of reddening of the skin ("hot flashes"), abdominal colic, spasms and diarrhea. In a few years, the valvular apparatus of the right heart may develop.

Decreased volume of extracellular fluid

The decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid is a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid caused by the loss of water and the total sodium content in the body. Possible causes include vomiting, increased sweating, diarrhea, burns, diuretics, and kidney failure. Clinical manifestations include a decrease in skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is the total plasma calcium concentration of less than 8.8 mg / dl (<2.20 mmol / L) at normal plasma protein concentrations or an ionized calcium concentration of less than 4.7 mg / dL (<1.17 mmol / L). Possible causes include hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease.

Adrenogenital syndrome

Adrenogenital syndrome (adrenal virilism) is a syndrome in which an excessive amount of adrenal androgen causes virilization. The diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by elevated levels of androgens with and without suppression of dexamethasone; To determine the cause of the cause, it may be necessary to visualize the adrenal glands with a biopsy when revealing volumetric formation. Treatment of adrenogenital syndrome depends on the cause.

Polyglandular insufficiency syndromes

Syndromes of polyglandular insufficiency (autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, syndromes of polyendocrine deficiencies) are characterized by competitive disruption of the function of several endocrine glands.

Type IIB multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome, IIB type (MEN IIB, MEN type II syndrome, neuroma mucosa syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis) is characterized by multiple mucous neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and often Marfan syndrome.

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