Bones of upper limb
Last reviewed: 23.04.2024
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The skeleton of the upper limbs includes the upper extremity belt and the free parts of the upper limbs.
The belt of the upper limbs (unguium membri superiores), consisting of paired shoulder blades and clavicle, is attached to the thorax with the help of muscles and ligaments. In front of the collarbone are connected to the handle of the sternum on both sides. The skeleton of the free part of the upper limb (skeleton membri superioris liberi) consists of three sections: the proximal (humerus), the middle (ray and elbow of the forearm) and the distal bone of the hand. The skeleton of the hand is divided into bones of the wrist, metacarpals and phalanges of the fingers.
Bones of the upper extremity belt
Scapula is a flat bone of triangular shape. It is attached to the thorax from its posterolateral side at the level of II to VII ribs. Three angles are distinguished at the scapula: the inferior angle (ingulus inferior), the lateral (angulus lateralis) and the upper (angulus superior). The scapula also has three edges: the medial (margo medialis), facing the spinal column; lateral (margo lateralis), directed to the outside and somewhat down, and the upper (margo superior), which has an incisure scapulae for the passage of vessels and nerves.
Clavicula (clavicula) is a long S-shaped tubular bone located between the clavic notch of the sternum medially and the acromial process of the scapula laterally. In the clavicle distinguish the body (corpus claviculae) and the two ends: the sternal end (extremitas sternalis) and the acromial end (extremitas acromiahs).
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The skeleton of the free part of the upper limb
The skeleton of the free part of the upper limb is formed mainly by tubular bones, providing a large sweep of movements.
The humerus is a long tubular bone. Distinguish the body of the humerus (corpus humeri) and the two ends: the upper and lower. The upper end (proximal) is thickened and forms the spherical head of the humerus (caput humeri). The head is turned medially and slightly back. At the edge of the head is a groove - an anatomical neck (collum anatomicum).
The forearm bones (ossa antebrachii) consist of two bones. The ulnar bone is medially located, laterally - the radius bone. These bones touch each other only at their ends, between their bodies there is an intercostal space of the forearm.
The ulna (ulna) in its upper part is thickened. At this (proximal) end is the incisura trochlearis (incisura trochlearis), intended for articulation with the humerus block.
The radius at the proximal end has a head of radius (caput radu) with a flat indentation - the articular fovea (fovea articuldris) for articulation with the head of the condyle of the humerus.
The manus has a skeleton in which the carpal bones (ossa carpi), metacarpi metacarpi biceps and the finger bones of the hand are phalanges of the fingers (phalanges digitorum manus).
Connections of the bones of the upper limb
Bones and joints of the bones of the upper limbs in humans are adapted to capture, hold and move various objects (tools). The lower extremities have other functions. The lower extremities perform the functions of supporting and moving the body in space. In connection with these functions in the lower limbs, the bones are larger, more massive than the bones of the upper limbs. The joints of the lower extremities are also larger, their mobility is less than that of the joints of the upper extremities.
In the intertwine joints, the movements are most often combined: the rotation of the calcaneus, together with the scaphoid and the anterior end of the foot around the oblique sagittal axis. When the foot rotates inward (pronation), the lateral edge of the foot is raised, while turning outward (supination), the medial edge of the foot is raised.
Rotation of calcaneus with scaphoid and anterior end of foot around sagittal foot.
A slight rotation around the sagittal (anteroposterior) axis.