The cardiovascular system

System of portal vein

The portal vein (liver) (v. Portae hepatis) occupies a special place among the veins that collect blood from the internal organs. It is not only the largest visceral vein (its length is 5-6 cm, diameter 11-18 mm), but also bringing the venous link of the so-called portal system of the liver.

System of inferior vena cava

The lower vena cava (v. Cava inferior) is the largest, has no valves, is retroperitoneal. It begins at the level of the intervertebral disc between the IV and V lumbar vertebrae from the fusion of the left and right common iliac veins to the right and slightly below the division of the aorta into the same arteries.

Veins of upper limb

Isolate the superficial and deep veins of the upper limb. They are connected by a large number of anastomoses and have numerous valves. Surface (subcutaneous) veins are more developed than deep veins (especially on the back of the hand).

Veins of head and neck

The internal jugular vein (v. Jugularis interna) is a large vessel into which blood, from the head and neck, from the areas corresponding to the branching of the external and internal carotid and vertebral arteries, is collected, as well as into the external jugular vein.

System of the superior vena cava

The superior vena cava (v. Cava superior) is a short valveless vessel with a diameter of 21-25 mm and a length of 5-8 cm, which is formed by the fusion of the right and left brachiocephal veins behind the junction of cartilage I of the right rib with the sternum.

Fetal blood circulation

All that is necessary for development, the fetus receives from the blood of the mother. Maternal blood through the uterine artery penetrates into the placenta ("child's place"). The blood of the mother and fetus in the placenta is not mixed, therefore the blood circulation of the fetus is called placental. In the placenta, fetal blood receives nutrients from the maternal blood through the hematoplacental barrier.

Posterior artery of foot

The posterior artery of the foot (a.dorsalis pedis) is an extension of the anterior tibial artery, going anteriorly from the ankle joint between the tendons of the long extensor of the fingers in a separate fibrous canal.

Anterior tibial artery

The anterior tibial artery (a. Tibialis anterior) extends from the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa (at the lower edge of the popliteal muscle), enters the holocrooed canal and immediately leaves it through the anterior opening in the upper part of the interosseous membrane of the tibia.

Posterior tibial artery

The posterior tibial artery (a. Tibialis posterior) serves as a continuation of the popliteal artery, passes in the shin-channel, which leaves under the medial edge of the soleus muscle.

Popliteal artery

The popliteal artery (a. Poplitea) is a continuation of the femoral artery. At the level of the lower edge of the popliteal muscle is divided into its terminal branches - the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

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