Tracheobronchitis

The inflammatory process occurring in the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea is tracheobronchitis. Let's consider the symptoms of the disease, diagnostic methods, treatment and prognosis for recovery.

This disease is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs and rapid spread. Today, several of its types are distinguished, but the most common are acute, chronic and allergic. Each type is an independent disease that requires proper diagnosis and therapy.

Inflammation affects the upper respiratory tract, spreading lower, covering the bronchi. Often occurs as a result of bronchitis and other respiratory diseases, if they are treated incorrectly or untimely.

ICD-10 code

The ICD 10 code indicates which category of the international classification of diseases a particular pathology belongs to.

Tracheobronchitis belongs to class X. Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99):

• J00-J06 - Acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract.
• J10-J18 – Influenza and pneumonia.
• J20-J22 - Other acute lower respiratory tract infections.
• J30-J39 - Other diseases of upper respiratory tract.

J40-J47 – Chronic lower respiratory diseases.

• (J40) Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic
• (J41) Simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
  • (J41.0) Simple chronic bronchitis
  • (J41.1) Mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
  • (J41.8) Mixed, simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
• (J42) Non-specific chronic bronchitis
  • Chronic tracheitis
  • Chronic tracheobronchitis
• J60-J70 – Diseases of the lung caused by external agents.
• J80-J84 - Other respiratory diseases primarily affecting the interstitial tissue.
• J85-J86 - Purulent and necrotic conditions of the lower respiratory tract.
• J90-J94 – Other diseases of the pleura.
• J95-J99 – Other diseases of the respiratory system

Causes of tracheobronchitis

The main etiological factor in the development of inflammation is the activation of viral or bacterial flora. As a rule, this occurs due to a violation of the normal state of the protective functions of the body and mucous membrane under the influence of provoking factors.

The most common causes of the disease:

• Hypothermia.
• Smoking and drinking alcohol.
• Drinking cold drinks and eating large amounts of cold food.
• Trauma to the mucous membrane of the trachea.
• Chronic infectious diseases (sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis).

In most cases, the disease appears due to the interaction of two factors, for example, hypothermia due to alcohol intoxication. Smokers are a separate category. The mucous membrane becomes inflamed due to constant trauma from smoke and harmful substances emitted by cigarettes. This type of disease requires long-term and complex treatment, and often recurs.

There is a risk group, which includes people who suffer from frequent mood swings, stress, and do not follow a diet and rest regime. In this case, even a slight weakening of the immune system allows the virus to penetrate the body and spread in the mucous tissues of the respiratory tract.

To protect yourself from respiratory tract damage, you need to avoid overwork and hypothermia, especially in the winter-spring period, when the body is most weakened. In addition, it is better to give up bad habits, that is, smoking and drinking alcohol. Acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, whooping cough, typhoid and other diseases provoke secondary, but more serious damage to the respiratory organs.

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Is tracheobronchitis contagious?

Many patients suffering from inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract are interested in the same question: how early are they? So, regardless of the form of the disease, the infection is transmitted by airborne droplets or respiratory. The incubation period lasts 2-30 days, depending on the type of pathogen. But most often, symptoms begin to appear in the first three days after infection.

In some cases, the malaise is a complication of influenza or acute respiratory viral infections, but can occur independently. The patient complains of mild malaise, a dry cough appears, followed by painful sensations in the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. The state of health worsens, the body temperature rises, shortness of breath and difficulty exhaling are possible. In addition, anxiety, sweating, and rapid breathing appear. These signs indicate that the pathology is progressing, and the patient can infect others.

Symptoms of tracheobronchitis

The main symptoms are a sore throat, a dry, hacking cough, and a soreness in the lower part of the throat and chest. The disease is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Mild malaise
• Dry cough
• Painful sensations after coughing in the diaphragm area
• Excessive sweating
• Rapid breathing
• Increased temperature up to 38°C
• Inability to take a deep breath and exhale completely
• Shortness of breath
• Bluish color of lips
• Hoarse voice (indicates the development of laryngitis)

The picture of symptoms is completed by pain between the ribs and in the area of the anterior abdominal wall, fever. After a while, shortness of breath and sputum discharge appear, which indicate that the pathology has become chronic, and the patient's condition is deteriorating. It is also possible to develop angina due to deterioration of blood circulation. Please note that ignoring the symptoms leads to the disease transforming into a more dangerous form - pneumonia, that is, inflammation of the lungs.

Temperature with tracheobronchitis

An increase in temperature with inflammatory damage to the mucous membrane of the bronchi, trachea and bronchioles is a concomitant phenomenon. In addition to coughing, the disease is accompanied by an elevated temperature, if it is not present, this may indicate bronchial asthma or other more serious pathologies. Cough without fever occurs in patients with lung pathologies, for example, congenital defects or bronchiectasis.

An elevated temperature is a protective reaction of the immune system, that is, in this way the body tries to contain the further spread of the infection. Due to a viral or infectious infection, the body begins to produce interleukin, which enters one of the parts of the brain. The hypothalamus is responsible for these processes, which stops heat loss by producing additional energy. This protective function slows down the reproduction and development of the infection.

In addition to fever, patients complain of severe headaches and general malaise, body aches, and a hoarse voice. As a rule, the temperature lasts for the first 2-4 days of illness. If adequate therapy was provided, the patient's condition improves. If this does not happen, the patient is prescribed antibiotics, mixtures, and other medications. Sometimes the high temperature persists after inflammation of the bronchi and trachea, in which case it is just a side effect of the disease, which will pass after the body recovers.

Cough with tracheobronchitis

Cough is one of the main symptoms of tracheobronchitis. In a healthy body, the glands located in the bronchi produce a small amount of mucus, which is removed from the body on its own. But due to the inflammatory process, the mucous membrane dries out, resulting in a cough, chest pain and increased mucus production. It can be paroxysmal and become more frequent in acute and chronic forms of the disease. Very often, the main diagnosis and treatment plan depend on its type.

It may be accompanied by sputum production. In the early stages of the disease, the cough is quite painful and loud. But over time, it becomes dry, turns into a wet form and is characterized by increased sputum production. The duration depends on the stage of the disease and accompanying symptoms. If it has become severe and causes sharp pain, then this indicates a complex lesion of the respiratory organs, which requires urgent medical care.

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Acute tracheobronchitis

Diffuse inflammation of the upper respiratory tract or acute tracheobronchitis is a viral disease. Its main cause is infection with bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci). There are many reasons that provoke the malaise: smoking, neglected cold, exposure to external irritants. The disease is characterized by seasonal exacerbations and without proper treatment it becomes chronic.

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Chronic tracheobronchitis

Most often, chronic tracheobronchitis affects people who work in dusty conditions (miners) or have bad habits (smoking, alcoholism). The chronic form is characterized by paroxysmal dry cough with a small amount of sputum. The disease causes concomitant pathologies (sinusitis, rhinitis, sinusitis) and can last more than three months.

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Protracted tracheobronchitis

A protracted form of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs due to improper or untimely treatment. In this case, therapy is a long process and a long recovery period, since the body has been exposed to microbial influence, and gas exchange in the lungs is disrupted. The patient suffers from high temperature and a strong cough, which occurs both during the day and at night.

Treatment involves drug therapy and strengthening the immune system. Patients are prescribed antibiotics and drugs to boost the immune system. Particular attention should be paid to alternative medicine methods. Patients are advised to consume more citrus fruits, freshly squeezed juices and fruits, as they increase the body's resistance to the disease. Black radish juice helps to get rid of the disease in a short time, preventing the inflammation from becoming chronic.

Allergic tracheobronchitis

Allergic tracheobronchitis is characterized by acute inflammatory damage to the respiratory tract. The main pathogens of the infection are pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci and other microorganisms. During the illness, a general deterioration in the patient's condition, lethargy, loss of appetite, and fever are observed. The peculiarity of allergic inflammation is pain and burning behind the breastbone, a strong dry cough, which is accompanied by the release of mucous sputum.

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Infectious tracheobronchitis

Acute mixed infection is typical for the infectious form of bronchial and tracheal lesions. Patients experience general weakness and malaise, fever, painful sensations behind the breastbone, dry cough, which eventually becomes wet. Breathing becomes hard, wheezing appears.

As a rule, this type of disease is most common in winter. People susceptible to respiratory diseases and smokers suffer from relapses of the disease. A prolonged course of the pathology can cause allergies, sinusitis and bronchiectasis. Both adults and children are susceptible to the disease. Without proper therapy, blockage of small bronchi and development of hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange in the bronchi and lungs are possible.

Purulent tracheobronchitis

The purulent type of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs due to improper or insufficient treatment of the acute form. Most often, it appears due to the use of drugs to which the pathogens of the disease are not sensitive. Fluid gradually accumulates in the bronchi in the form of sputum and purulent discharge. About 250 ml of sputum can come out per day, which indicates the progression of the pathological process.

The main symptom of purulent inflammation is a strong cough, rapid breathing and shortness of breath. Previously suffered diseases that have become chronic can provoke its development. In this case, a wet cough appears with the separation of purulent-mucous or thick purulent sputum. Subfebrile temperature persists for a long period of time, the patient complains of increased fatigue, general weakness and sweating.

Without proper treatment, pathological symptoms lead to obstruction, i.e., obstruction of the bronchial patency due to accumulation of secretion. This pathology is considered the most severe, so in most cases, treatment is carried out in a hospital setting. If the disease becomes chronic, it can worsen due to colds, allergic reactions, stress and overexertion.

Antibiotics that are sensitive to harmful microorganisms are used for recovery. For this, a smear of sputum is taken from the patient for sowing on flora. In order for sputum and purulent accumulations to leave faster, mucolytic agents and antihistamines are used. In addition to drug therapy, patients are prescribed inhalations, physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises and thermal procedures. Plenty of fluids, healthy nutrition and strengthening the immune system speed up the recovery process.

Obstructive tracheobronchitis

Chronic non-allergic bronchitis is an obstructive disease. It is dangerous because the obstruction of the bronchi disrupts their ventilation and gas exchange. Most often, the malaise occurs in long-term smokers, and passive smokers, that is, people who are in a smoky room, are at risk. Unfavorable environmental conditions, occupational hazards, bad habits and viral infections contribute to the development of the inflammatory process.

There are a number of internal factors that increase the risk of developing the disease, primarily genetic predisposition. There is a theory that people with blood group II have a predisposition to this pathology. Premature babies, patients with congenital alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and lack of Ig A are also included in the group. As for the symptoms of the obstructive form, these are cough and shortness of breath, heavy, wheezing, and fever.

• Diagnosis begins with an examination. Due to the long-term inflammatory process, the chest acquires a barrel-shaped form, bulging of the supraclavicular spaces and swelling of the jugular veins are possible.
• If the disease is complicated by cardiac or respiratory failure, then swelling of the lower extremities, cyanosis of the lips, fingertips, epigastric pulsation appear. In addition to respiratory failure, the disease causes tachycardia, hypercapnia and high blood pressure.
• Instrumental methods of examination are mandatory. For this purpose, pneumotachometry and peak flowmetry are used to assess bronchial patency. Electrocardiography and X-ray allow diagnosing lung and heart pathologies. Complications in the form of secondary infection and chronic pulmonary heart disease are possible.

As a therapy, patients are prescribed antibacterial and expectorant drugs. A mandatory condition for recovery is the elimination of risk factors. It would not be superfluous to follow a diet and undergo physiotherapy procedures.

Recurrent tracheobronchitis

The occurrence of 2-5 episodes of respiratory damage per year indicates a recurrent disease. As a rule, the disease lasts 2-3 weeks and is characterized by reversibility of pathological changes in the bronchopulmonary system. Relapses are directly related to colds, inflammatory diseases, viral and bacterial lesions. Risk factors play a major role. These can be chronic infectious foci, for example, sinusitis, adenoiditis or rhinitis. Environmental factors also have a negative impact on health: smoking, including passive smoking, harmful working and living conditions.

The diagnostics are approached carefully, since the anamnesis is of great importance. The doctor's task is to find out the factors causing painful symptoms. The clinical picture of the inflammatory process completely depends on its period, it can be an exacerbation, complete remission or reverse development. As a rule, relapses do not differ from the acute form and are characterized by seasonality of occurrence. Recovery is long and complex.

Viral tracheobronchitis

Viral infection of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, i.e. the upper respiratory tract, most often occurs due to a weakened immune system. The body cannot cope with infectious agents, so characteristic signs of malaise appear. Impaired nasal breathing and nasopharyngeal infections are considered risk factors. The main symptoms are fever, general weakness, cough with sputum.

The viral variant of the disease can be transmitted through personal contact with the patient. For infection, it is enough for infected particles of mucus and saliva to get into the air. Treatment begins with a complete diagnosis of the patient's body. Antibiotics are not used for therapy, since this type of drug is not effective. The patient is prescribed expectorant syrups, rubbing and other thermal procedures.

It would not be superfluous to observe hygiene rules: airing the patient's room, frequent wet cleaning with disinfectants. To prevent relapses, it is recommended to strengthen the immune system. Patients are prescribed vitamins, preventive gymnastics, giving up bad habits and a balanced diet.

Catarrhal tracheobronchitis

The catarrhal type of tracheobronchitis does not spread to the lungs, but is characterized by abundant mucus secretion and the absence of obstruction. It can be acute or chronic. Most often, smokers and people working in conditions of increased dust and gas pollution suffer from it. The main cause of the disease is untimely or inadequate treatment of a cold. An acute respiratory disease causes inflammation of the bronchi, which can become chronic. Poor oral hygiene, hypothermia, smoking, alcoholism are some of the causes of the malaise.

The main symptom is cough and fever. In addition, drowsiness, general malaise, headaches, and rapid heartbeat are possible. After a few days, phlegm and a runny nose appear. If you ignore the above symptoms for 2-3 weeks, the disease becomes chronic, the treatment of which is very complex and lengthy. Without proper therapy, the disease can lead to bronchial asthma, pneumosclerosis, or pulmonary emphysema.

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Tracheobronchitis in children

Tracheobronchitis in children is most often a complication after ARVI. The main causes of the disease in childhood are a weakened immune system, hypotrophy, congestion in the pulmonary system and complications after infectious diseases. Symptoms are similar to viral infections and laryngitis, so careful diagnosis is required.

The child complains of a dry, strong cough leading to vomiting, laryngitis, fever, hoarse voice, and chest pain. When these symptoms appear, urgent medical care is needed. Based on the child's body characteristics and the severity of the disease, the doctor selects treatment. To speed up recovery, I prescribe rubbing the interscapular space and sternum with irritating ointments. Inhalations, therapeutic exercises, thermal procedures (mustard plasters) and physiotherapy will not be superfluous.

Tracheobronchitis during pregnancy

The main causative agent of inflammatory diseases during pregnancy is bacteria and viruses. The allergic form is extremely rare. Due to the penetration of pathogens into the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, pathogens actively multiply, causing circulatory disorders and swelling. Gradually, the inflammation spreads to the bronchi, which causes intense secretion of sputum, i.e. bronchial mucus.

Symptoms of the disease in pregnant women are similar to those of ARVI. The woman complains of cough, fever, and general weakness. As the disease progresses, the cough becomes dangerous, as it is accompanied by abdominal muscle tension. The type and severity of the illness can be determined by the nature of the sputum released. In some cases, bronchospasms are added to the above symptoms, that is, difficulty exhaling and a strong convulsive cough.

The acute course of the disease lasts from 7 to 32 days. If a woman had chronic inflammation before pregnancy, it may worsen during pregnancy. Impaired respiratory function and oxygen starvation are dangerous for the unborn child, as they can lead to hypoxia, hypertonicity of the uterus, uterine bleeding, premature birth or miscarriage. The treatment plan is made after consultation and diagnosis with a doctor. If the disease is acute, treatment can be carried out in a hospital setting.

General recommendations for treatment and prevention of the disease in pregnant women:

• Adequate rest, sleep and walks in the fresh air will prevent intoxication and speed up the release of mucus accumulated in the bronchi.
• Drink plenty of fluids – liquids speed up the removal of mucus. You can drink not only warm water, but also teas, herbal infusions, compotes and natural juices. It is better to avoid drinks containing caffeine.
• Humidification of air – in order to prevent the mucous membrane of the bronchi from drying out, it is recommended to humidify the air. A special humidifier is suitable for these purposes, which will prevent the proliferation of microbes.
• Eating healthier and strengthening your immune system will help you cope with the unpleasant symptoms of the disease and speed up the recovery process.

Residual effects of tracheobronchitis

Residual effects after tracheal bronchitis indicate that the disease has become chronic. The bronchial system is deformed, breathing is impaired, and asthma attacks often occur. In addition, there is a slight increase in temperature that lasts for a long period of time and sputum secretion. Patients feel general weakness, body aches and painful sensations behind the breastbone. All this occurs against the background of decreased appetite and attacks of dry cough.

• High temperature – to eliminate it, you can take Aspirin or Paracetamol. Such drugs as: Coldrex, Antigrippin and Fervex have an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect.
• Cough - a strong cough causes painful sensations behind the breastbone. To eliminate it, it is recommended to take Tusuprex and Broncholitin. To speed up the discharge of sputum, take Ambroxol and Bromhexine.
• Shortness of breath - to eliminate it, take bronchodilator medications, for example, Teopec tablets, Salbutamol or Berotek inhalation aerosol.
• Headaches – appear due to a runny nose and cough. Combined drugs are used for treatment. Folk remedies, for example, menthol oil and eucalyptus extract, also have healing properties.

Complications

If inflammation of the bronchi and trachea has a long course or is constantly progressing, then this indicates the development of complications. As a rule, this occurs due to the lack of appropriate therapy. The most common complication is the transition of a simple disease into a chronic one. In some cases, the disease leads to the development of pulmonary emphysema, acute respiratory failure, bronchopneumonia and inflammation of other systems and organs due to the penetration of infectious agents into them, which are carried with the bloodstream.

• Bronchopneumonia is a complication of acute inflammation. It develops due to the layering of bacterial infection and a decrease in local immunity.
• Chronic form – occurs due to repeated acute inflammation (more than 3 times a year). It can disappear completely when the provoking factors are eliminated.
• Obstructive pulmonary disease – occurs due to secondary infection and long-term course of the disease. Obstructive changes indicate a pre-asthma condition and increase the risk of bronchial asthma. In addition, cardiopulmonary and respiratory failure occurs.

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Diagnosis of tracheobronchitis

Diagnosis of inflammatory disease of the trachea and bronchial tree is an important process, the effectiveness and results of which determine the treatment plan and prognosis for recovery.

Main diagnostic methods:

• Examination of the patient, percussion and auscultation, that is, listening and tapping on the lungs.
• X-ray – allows to identify pathological processes in the lungs and possible complications of the disease.
• Sputum analysis – bacterial flora culture is necessary to exclude severe and dangerous diseases of the respiratory system (cancer, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis).

Based on the diagnostic results, the patient is prescribed antibiotics that are sensitive to pathogenic microflora and drugs to remove phlegm, reduce temperature and other painful symptoms.

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Treatment of tracheobronchitis

The treatment regimen depends entirely on the form of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and the patient’s condition.

• If the malaise is uncomplicated, i.e. mild, then following the regimen and physiotherapeutic procedures (electrophoresis, inhalations) can improve health. In this case, antipyretic and mucolytic agents are taken for temperature and sputum secretion. Antibiotics are prescribed only when other medications are not effective against microorganisms that provoke inflammation. As a rule, patients are prescribed a seven-day course with a sulfanilamide drug.
• For the treatment of acute respiratory system damage, it is extremely important to ventilate the room in which the patient is located. This will protect against overheating and speed up recovery. If the disease is accompanied by complications, then antibiotics are prescribed: Penicillin, Oxacillin, Mecillin, as well as inhalation sprays that easily penetrate the bronchi and trachea, evenly distributing over the mucous membrane.
• If the disease proceeds without complications, then only sulfanilamide drugs are prescribed. In case of circulatory and respiratory disorders, Strophanthin, glucose solution and Cytiton are used intravenously. Oxygen therapy, i.e. the introduction of oxygen into the patient's body, has proven itself in the treatment of severe forms.
• If the inflammation is of an allergic nature, the patient is prescribed expectorants and antihistamines, alkaline inhalations, physiotherapy and therapeutic exercises.

In all cases, the prognosis is favorable, but in the chronic form, complex therapy is used, the results of which determine the duration of the disease and the degree of possible damage to the entire body.

Read more about the treatment of tracheobronchitis here.

Diet for tracheobronchitis

Dietary nutrition is important for any disease, including colds. A properly composed diet will help you more easily endure the symptoms of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea, and fight pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Food should be balanced, rich in vitamins, minerals and proteins.

• You need to eat often, but in small portions, that is, stick to a fractional regime. A large amount of protein will prevent protein starvation, which occurs due to its loss during a strong cough and the release of phlegm. The thing is that protein is a material for building tissues, organs and cells, it participates in muscle contractions and synthesizes peptide hormones, hemoglobin and enzymes.
• In addition to protein, the diet should contain fats and carbohydrates. They can be obtained from cereals, bakery products, fruits and berries. Do not forget about complex carbohydrates, which improve digestion and stabilize blood sugar levels.
• Fermented milk products enrich the body with lacto and bifidobacteria, stimulate the digestion process. These products reduce the harmful effects of antibiotics used in treatment and prevent putrefactive processes in the intestines.
• To remove phlegm, you need to drink more liquid. Herbal decoctions, infusions and teas are excellent. For example, hot tea made from sage, linden or elderberry has a diaphoretic effect. Whey or a decoction with honey or anise are useful for dry coughs. And onion juice speeds up expectoration.
• Freshly squeezed juices, especially drinks made from beets, carrots and apples, will give you not only a boost of energy, but also a daily dose of vitamins necessary for the body's recovery.

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Prevention

Any preventive measures are always aimed at preventing relapses of the disease. The most important rule is timely treatment of any colds. If a dry cough appears, then it is worth taking a course of antitussive medications that will stop the pathological process. At this time, you can moisturize the inflamed mucous membrane of the trachea with hot drinks and milk, honey, raspberries or with the help of inhalations.

• If you work outdoors or in an open space, you are at risk for developing inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. As a preventive measure, it is recommended to wear a special respirator mask that covers the nose and mouth.
• At the first symptoms of malaise, do inhalations. Physical exercises and sports help strengthen the respiratory system, have a beneficial effect on the whole body. Sports activities promote the rapid discharge of phlegm.
• Colds are forbidden to be carried on your feet. It is better to let the body recover and fight the viral infection. To do this, you need to spend a couple of days at home, eat right and drink more fluids.
• Bad habits such as smoking are one of the factors that cause illness. Passive smoking significantly increases the risk of developing the disease. Give up the bad habit to maintain health.

Forecast

The prognosis depends entirely on the form and extent of the inflammatory process. As a rule, acute and allergic forms have a favorable prognosis. But the chronic variant requires a comprehensive approach. The treatment outcome depends entirely on the duration of the disease and the extent of damage to internal organs.

The acute uncomplicated form lasts about 14 days. If complications arise or the disease has a protracted course, the pathological process will stretch out for a month or more. Chronic inflammation is also particularly long-lasting, characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions.

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Sick leave for tracheobronchitis

A sick leave for respiratory diseases is given for up to 10 days. This is if the illness is mild. If recovery does not occur within the allotted time and the patient needs additional days for treatment, a hospital commission of the VKK is created and the sick leave is extended. But on average, patients are sick for 5-7 days.

Tracheobronchitis is a dangerous disease, the incorrect or neglected treatment of which can lead to serious consequences. Timely diagnosis and compliance with preventive measures are the key to healthy breathing.