Symptoms of hitting the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is the bottom of the ventricle of the brain and consists of a cluster of highly differentiated nuclei (32 pairs). There are three groups of nuclei of the hypothalamus - anterior, middle and posterior.

The anterior section of the hypothalamus includes paraventricular supraoptic nuclei; to the middle section - the rear parts of supraoptic nuclei, the nucleus of the central gray matter of the ventricle, mastoid-funnel (anterior part), palloid-infundibular, interfunctional nuclei; to the posterior part - the mastoid body, mastoid-funnel nuclei (posterior part), subthalamic nucleus. The anterior sections of the hypothalamus are related to the integration of the predominantly parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, the posterior parts of the hypothalamus are sympathetic, the middle ones provide regulation of the endocrine glands and metabolism.

In the sub-abdomen, a subthalamic region is also distinguished, including a subthalamic nucleus, an indeterminate zone, the Forel fields (H ¹ and H ² ), and some other formations. In a functional sense, the subthalamic region is part of the extrapyramidal system. In the lower part of the hypothalamus there are a gray hillock and a funnel that ends with the lower appendage of the brain - the pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, the anterior zone (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) and the intermediate part, located in the form of the rim at the back of the anterior lobe, are distinguished.

The hypothalamus is an important vegetative center and has rich connections with the autonomic nuclei of the medulla oblongata, the reticular formation of the brainstem, the pituitary gland, the epiphysis, the gray matter in the circumference of the ventricle and the aqueduct of the brain, the thalamus, the striopallidal system, the olfactory brain, the limbic cortex of the brain,

By composing an important part of the limbic-reticular complex, the hypothalamus affects all vegetative-visceral functions of the body. He is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, tissue trophism, respiratory, cardiovascular system, hematopoiesis and blood coagulation system, acid-base state of the gastrointestinal tract, all metabolic forms, functions of striated musculature, endocrine gland functions, sexual sphere. The hypothalamus is intimately linked to the pituitary gland, secrets, secretes biologically active substances into the blood.

The hypothalamus has an important role in vegetative maintenance of various forms of somatic and mental activity of a person. Therefore, defeat entails not only vegetative-visceral, but also vegetative-somatic and vegetative-psychological disorders.

When the hypothalamus is affected, symptoms of loss of various vegetative functions in the regulation occur. Symptoms of irritation are more common, which manifest themselves as paroxysmal conditions (crises, seizures). The nature of these paroxysmal disorders is predominantly vegetative-visceral.

Symptoms of hypothalamus defeat are extremely diverse. Disturbance of sleep and wakefulness manifests itself in the form of paroxysmal or permanent hypersomnia, distortion of the sleeping formula, dissonance.

Vegetative-vascular syndrome (dystonia) is characterized by paroxysmal sympathetic-adrenal, vagoinsulpy and mixed sympathovagal crises with asthenic syndrome.

Neuroendocrine syndrome with plurigandular dysfunction is characterized by various endocrine disorders, which are combined with neuro-trophic disorders (thinning and dry skin, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract), bone changes (osteoporosis, sclerosing) and neuromuscular disorders in the form of periodic paroxysmal paralysis, weakness muscles, their hypotension.

Among neuroendocrine disorders, Isenko-Cushing syndrome, adiposogenital dystrophy, dysfunction of the sex glands, diabetes insipidus, cachexia are characteristic.

With the Itenko - Cushing syndrome, fat deposits in the face ("moon face"), neck, shoulder girdle ("bullish" type of obesity), chest, abdomen occur. Limbs on the background of obesity look thin. There are trophic disorders in the form of striae on the skin of the inner surface of the axillary regions, the lateral surface of the thorax and abdomen, in the region of the mammary glands, buttocks, and also in the form of dry skin. A persistent or transient increase in blood pressure, a change in the sugar curve (a flattened, two-humped curve), a decrease in the urinary content of 17-corticosteroids are revealed.

Adiposogenital dystrophy (Babinsky-Frohlich disease): pronounced fat deposition in the abdomen, chest, thighs, often clinodactyly, changes in the skeleton, underdevelopment of genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics; trophic changes in the skin in the form of its thinning, vulgaris, marbling, depigmentation, increased fragility of capillaries.

The Lawrence-Moon-Biddle syndrome is a congenital developmental anomaly with dysfunction of the hypothalamic region, characterized by obesity, underdevelopment of genitals, dementia, growth retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, polydactyly (syndactyly), progressive decline in vision.

Premature puberty (pubertas praecox) can be caused by a tumor of the mastoid bodies of the posterior part of the hypothalamus or epiphysis. It is more common in girls with faster body growth. Along with premature puberty, bulimia, polydipsia, polyuria, obesity, sleep disorders and thermoregulation, mental disorders (emotional and volitional disorder with moral and ethical abnormalities, hypersexuality) are observed; such patients become rude, spiteful, cruel, with a tendency to vagrancy, theft.

Delayed puberty in adolescence is more common in boys. Characteristic of high growth, disproportionate physique, obesity by the female type, hypoplasia of the genital organs, cryptorchidism, monarchism, hypospadias, gynecomastia. Girls - delayed onset of menarche, underdevelopment of genital organs, lack of secondary hair. Sexual maturation of adolescents is delayed until 17 - 18 years.

Non-diabetes mellitus develops as a result of lower production of the antidiuretic hormone by neurosecretory cells of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei: polydipsia, polyuria (with relatively low relative density of urine).

Cerebral nanism is characterized by a slowdown in physical development: dwarf growth, short and thin bones, small head size and reduced size of the Turkish saddle; the external genitalia are hypoplastic.

With foci in one half of the hypothalamus, vegetative asymmetry is revealed: skin temperature, sweating, piloerection, blood pressure, skin and hair pigmentation, skin and muscle hemiatrophy.

In the defeat of foreign countries (metathalamus), hearing and vision (homonymous Hemannopia) are violated as a result of disruption of the function of the external and internal geniculate bodies.

With eosinophilic adenoma of the pituitary gland with excessive release of growth hormone, or with increased stimulation of the adenohypophysis, somatotropin-releasing hormone of the hypothalamus develops acromegaly: brushes, feet, facial skeleton, internal organs are increased, metabolism is disrupted.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]