Odontogenic cyst

Odontogenic cyst is a dental disease that appears due to complications of periodontitis. Let's look at the main causes of this disease, methods of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prevention.

Odontogenic cyst is a complication of chronic periodontitis. The tumor appears on the tip of the tooth and develops almost asymptomatically. In addition to periodontitis, the appearance of a neoplasm can be caused by caries or abnormal treatment of dental diseases. There are several kinds of odontogenic cysts, let's consider them: 

• Lateral periodontal.
• Residual.
• The keratokist is odontogenic.
• The glandular.
• Paradental.
• Maxillary and buccal.

As a rule, the tumor begins to develop with granulomatous periodontitis and looks like a small tumor. The neoplasm is single chamber with liquid contents inside. The odontogenic cyst develops very slowly and is practically asymptomatic. During the development of the neoplasm, the patient does not experience painful sensations. That is why the disease is difficult to diagnose in the early stages. The only thing that can bother the patient is a discoloration of one of the sick teeth, displacement of the teeth, and with large tumors - protrusion of the bone structures. Because of these symptoms of development of the odontogenic cyst, inflammatory processes can occur, which are accompanied by suppuration and various pathological fractures of the jaw bones.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

Causes of odontogenic cyst

The causes of the odontogenic cyst may be different. So, in some patients the neoplasm begins to develop after the inflammatory diseases (rhinitis, sinusitis, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and others), and others appear for no apparent reason. Any cyst, including odontogenic, has its outlet duct. The duct appears due to diseases, for example, inflammatory, which leads to thickening of the mucous membrane, clogging of the glands and the formation of cysts.

The odontogenic cyst is a cavitary neoplasm, which on the x-ray looks like a rounded shadow around the crown of the tooth. From the inside the cyst is lined with epithelial tissue. Neoplasm can appear due to fractures of the jaw bone or bone tissue dilatation. At the same time, the larger the neoplasm the higher the risk of complications and various pathologies.

[7], [8]

Symptoms of odontogenic cyst

Symptoms of odontogenic cysts are very scarce. So, in the early stages of development, the cyst does not manifest itself. The patient does not feel painful symptoms. The only thing that alarms and is the reason to turn to the dentist is the darkening of one of the teeth or its displacement.

In this case, the dentist, using the diagnostic method - radiography, takes a picture of the affected tooth. The image will also show the odontogenic cyst. The pronounced symptoms of the odontogenic cyst begin to appear in the last stages of development. The patient has painful sensations, worsens well-being, raises temperature, inflammatory processes in the oral cavity can begin.

Odontogenic cysts of the jaws

Odontogenic cysts of the jaws are a common pathology, the treatment of which is performed only surgically. All odontogenic cysts of the jaws are foci of infection, this also applies to the circumcranial neoplasms. This suggests that the odontogenic cyst has a negative effect on the entire body, and not only on the oral cavity.

Odontogenic cysts of the jaws are retention intraosseous formations, which appear due to destruction of dental follicles or due to inflammatory processes in the periodontium, which are of chronic nature. Inside the odontogenic cyst is filled with liquid contents, which are the products of the vital activity of the epithelial lining, that is, crystalloids and colloids. Because of this cyst gradually increases in size and leads to deformation of the jaw.

Odontogenic cyst of maxillary sinus

The odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus, like all varieties of odontogenic cysts, develops almost asymptomatically. But in some cases, the cyst can progress pathologically - expand and fill the entire maxillary sinus. In this case, the neoplasm begins to press on the walls of the vessels, causing painful symptoms. The patient has a feeling of stuffiness in the nose, a violation of nasal breathing, pulsating pressure under the eye. Very often the symptoms of the odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus are similar to the symptoms of acute sinusitis.

To diagnose a cyst it is possible by means of a roentgen or ultrasonic research. Treatment of the cyst may be medicated or surgical, which involves an operation to remove the neoplasm. In any case, the odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus requires treatment, since the consequences of the disease are harmful to the entire body.

Odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus

The odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus is a bladder that is filled with liquid contents. When the cyst is formed, the outflow of one of the glands, which are located in the mucosa, is disturbed. Under the influence of the neoplasm, the iron is filled with liquid and increases in size. An odontogenic cyst requires compulsory treatment, usually a surgical removal. The cyst of the maxillary sinus represents a particular danger, since very often the liquid contents of the neoplasm are pus, which arises from the inflammatory process in the body. But the cyst can be recognized only with the help of an X-ray.

If the cyst is large, it causes symptoms similar to those of sinusitis. Conservative treatment of the odontogenic cyst of the maxillary sinus does not exist. Endoscopic methods and classic, but rather traumatic operational method of Caldwell-Lucas are used to remove the tumor. The type of surgical treatment depends on the size of the cyst, its symptoms and the age of the patient.

An odontogenic cyst of the left maxillary sinus

The odontogenic cyst of the left maxillary sinus arises from the chronic inflammatory processes that occur in the mucosa of the sinus. The secret, produced by the glands, is retained in the duct and causes the appearance of a neoplasm. The cyst increases in size and completely fills the maxillary sinus. The cyst may also appear due to excessive accumulation of lymph. As a rule, it occurs in patients with respiratory diseases or a tendency to allergic reactions.

The cyst develops very slowly and gradually reaches the bottom of the sinus. Sometimes patients complain of pain, which is similar to pain in trigeminal neuralgia. But most often the disease is asymptomatic. When the disease is at a late stage, the patient has a headache, pain in the temples, forehead and occiput, nasal breathing is difficult.

During the diagnosis of the odontogenic cyst of the left maxillary sinus, the patient is given an X-ray. In order to clarify the diagnosis, the sinus is pierced, a contrast agent is injected into it and ultrasound is performed. With regard to treatment, the most effective method is surgical removal of the cyst. After such treatment, the patient needs some time to be observed by the doctor to monitor the recovery process.

[9], [10], [11], [12]

Odontogenic cyst of the upper jaw

The odontogenic cyst of the upper jaw has two varieties: near-root cysts and follicular cysts, but sometimes retentional cysts are also found. Follicular neoplasms grow very slowly, and usually occur in children aged 8-15 years. The liquid contents of odontogenic cysts of the upper jaw are cholesterol crystals.

The development of the cyst proceeds asymptomatically, but as soon as the cyst begins to increase in size, it causes a painful symptomatology due to the pressure. Diagnosis of the cyst is possible only with the help of X-ray study, on which it is possible to clearly distinguish the neoplasm. Please note that the cyst cavity is not associated with the roots of the teeth, so the puncture technique may be used to treat it. Treat the cyst surgically, with carious teeth to be removed.

Odontogenic cysts in children

Odontogenic cysts in children are complications of caries or arise because of improper treatment of periodontitis and pulpitis. The cyst is a neoplasm that is filled with liquid contents. If the child has inflammation in the body, the cyst is filled with pus, causes irritation, high fever and other painful symptoms. If the odontogenic cyst develops on the tissues of the milk tooth, then it can damage the rudiments of permanent teeth and even shift them to the side.

Neoplasm has poor symptoms, but when suppuration resembles a purulent periostitis or sinusitis. You can determine the cyst with the help of an X-ray. Most often, cysts in children are diagnosed at the age of 5-13 years, while boys are much more likely than girls. Cysts are localized in the area of milk molars, and their treatment is always surgical.

Diagnosis of odontogenic cysts

Diagnosis of odontogenic cysts is carried out by several methods, but the most effective and widely used is radiography. The X-ray picture allows to determine odontogenic cysts at an early stage of development. The cyst in the picture looks like a shadow of an oval or round shape, which is immersed in the sinus of the root of the tooth and has clear boundaries. In addition to radiography, ultrasound can be used to diagnose odontogenic cysts.

To diagnose a cyst it is possible and on a symptomatology. But clearly expressed symptoms of neoplasm appear only in the late stages. If the diagnosis is difficult to put, then use contrast cystoradiography. A method of electrodontometry helps to identify a sick tooth, which caused the appearance of an odontogenic cyst. The diagnostic method is chosen by the dentist.

[13], [14]

Treatment of odontogenic cysts

Treatment odontogenic cyst can be carried out by two methods: surgical and therapeutic. The method of treatment depends on the results of diagnosis and symptomatology. Let's look at both methods of treatment.

1. Surgical method - the essence of treatment is the complete removal of the cyst. Sometimes the cyst is removed along with the affected parts of the root of the tooth. Surgical treatment uses surgical intervention - cystomy and cystectomy.
2. Therapeutic method - in this treatment, surgical intervention is not used. The dentist conducts procedures that can relieve inflammation. The doctor makes a small incision in the tumor in order to ensure the outflow of the contents of the tumor. The content is displayed by means of a special tube, which is regularly reduced in size as the neoplasm decreases. After this, the dentist cleans the root canal channels and injects drugs to destroy the tumor tissue. And at the final stage, the dentist introduces a special solution that accelerates healing.

Therapeutic treatment lasts about six months. And after such treatment the doctor does or makes a roentgen for that to see as the cyst has resolved. After surgical treatment, the patient is observed in the hospital. After each type of treatment, prophylaxis is provided, which will avoid the appearance of an odontogenic cyst in the future.

Prevention of odontogenic cysts

Prevention of the odontogenic cyst helps protect the body from diseases of the oral cavity. Prevention is to maintain complete oral hygiene, systematic examinations at the dentist, timely treatment of inflammatory processes and any diseases. In addition to caring for the oral cavity, you need to closely monitor the overall condition of the body. Such diseases as sinusitis, rhinitis and other problems with the paranasal cavity require immediate and effective treatment.

Effective treatment of the odontogenic cyst is a guarantee that the disease will not again make itself felt. So, if the disease recurs, then, as a rule, this is due to inappropriate or ineffective treatment. Prophylactic methods are prescribed by the dentist, based on the results of treatment of the odontogenic cyst and the state of the body and the immune system of the body.

Prognosis of odontogenic cysts

The prognosis of odontogenic cysts depends on at what stage, the disease was diagnosed, what symptomatology was accompanied and which treatment method was chosen. If surgical treatment is performed, then the prognosis is always positive. But a positive prognosis for therapeutic treatment is possible only if the disease was started at the initial stage. If the disease was diagnosed at a late stage, the prognosis is negative, since odontogenic cysts cause a variety of pathologies that lead to deformation of the maxillofacial tissues.

Odontogenic cyst refers to difficult to diagnose dental diseases. The disease is almost asymptomatic, but it causes pathological processes in the body. Regular visits to the dentist will allow you to identify the cyst in time and prescribe a treatment. A compliance with oral hygiene and treatment of diseases of the ENT organs - this is the best prevention of the appearance of odontogenic cysts.