Infringements at a climacterium

Violations in menopause occur not only with the reproductive system and internal genital organs, but also with other organs and systems. This is due primarily to the specific hormonal background that the woman has throughout her life and which ensures the functioning of many systems. Therefore, menopause - is primarily a change that does not pass without a trace for the whole body. Knowledge of the main regularities of regulation of the hormonal background can prevent the development of violations in the onset of menopause.

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Causes of the violations with menopause

Speaking about the causes of menopause development it is necessary to understand the general hormonal changes in the body of a woman during this period. Throughout life, a woman has a specific hormonal background, which is due to the concentration of major female sex hormones - estrogens and progestogens (progesterone). These hormones do not immediately regulate the basic processes of the body, because a woman for all her life is subject to change, and her whole body is subjected to several successive stages of development. First the girl is in the period of newborn, when all the systems and organs develop and begin to contact the external environment. During this period, the ovaries already have all the eggs that are in a "dormant" position. Next - the period of childhood, then the period of sexual development, in which all secondary sexual characteristics develop and the girl matures for the continuation of the genus. Then the period of puberty, which lasts about thirty years. All ends with menopause - an involution of the reproductive system. Climax is a physiological process of changes in the female reproductive system, in which hormonal disorders occur in the body and these changes affect many processes in the body of a woman - menstrual function, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and bone system, as well as work of the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the most characteristic manifestations of hormonal imbalance is the disruption of the work of these organs. The process of developing menopause must have its own consecutive stages. The period of menopause is conditionally divided:

1. premenopause - the period from 45 years to the onset of menopause;
2. Menopause is the period of the last menstruation, the average age is about fifty years;
3. Postmenopause - the period from the last menstruation to the end of a woman's life.

All these periods are characterized by their own characteristics, which you need to know in order to regulate the state of the body and know exactly when something is broken.

Premenopause is a period characterized by a gradual decrease in the level of sex hormones. The pathogenesis of the development of disturbances in menopause is associated with these initial changes. At the same time, all changes take place at the level of the hypothalamus, the highest regulatory center. Involution of the hypothalamus is characterized by a gradual decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to the effect of estrogens, which disrupts its regulatory function by the principle of reverse regulation. There is insufficient stimulation of the pituitary gland and the release of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones is broken, which leads to anovulatory cycle without isolation of the oocyte. This reduces the level of pituitary hormones - follicle-stimulating and luteinizing, which disrupts their normal concentration and the first changes in menstruation can occur. In the ovaries, the most specific changes occur in the form of follicular atresia, the destruction of the membranes, the death of oocytes and the preservation of only the stroma, which helps to reduce the amount of secreting estrogen. This, in turn, disrupts the feedback to the hypothalamus, which increases the changes more. Such violations of the hormonal function of the ovario-menstrual cycle are the main cause of the development of the following changes, which are continuously associated with the hormonal background.

Also, the cause of the development of violations from other organs is the violation of regulation. In adrenal glands, as a compensatory reaction, the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine is increased because of disturbances in the normal regulation of the hypothalamus function of peripheral organs. This contributes to the appearance of cardiac dysfunction due to periods of ejection of catecholamines that stimulate vasoconstriction and accelerate the heartbeat, which causes the corresponding symptoms. Violation of the regulation of vascular tone, which contributes to periods of spasm of peripheral vessels, increased peripheral resistance and increased blood pressure.

[2], [3], [4], [5]

Pathogenesis

In the pathogenesis of disorders in menopause, a minor role is played by disorders from the nervous system. As is known, progesterone and estrogens ensure the normal conduct of a nerve impulse through the cell, and also in a broader sense they regulate the tone of the autonomic nervous system. Such regulation occurs at the level of all internal organs and ensures their normal functioning. In the case of violations of the level of hormones, the parasympathetic nervous system can not inhibit sympathetic activity, so there are various disruptions in the behavior and emotional activity of a woman during menopause. Another mechanism of disorders of nervous activity is the unevenness of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. Another system that suffers from an imbalance of hormones is the digestive system, as the nervous regulation of digestive processes is disturbed and this is accompanied by diarrhea or constipation against the labile nervous system. Secondary changes occur in the bone system, as a decrease in the level of estrogens promotes excretion of calcium bones, a violation of its absorption in the intestine, and the development of osteoporosis.

Thus, the only cause of the development of various disorders in menopause can be considered a sudden decrease in the level of estrogens, which entails other consequences. Therefore, to regulate and prevent any disturbances in menopause, it is necessary that the hormonal decline is gradual.

[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]

Symptoms of the violations with menopause

The symptoms of the development of various disorders in menopause depend mainly on the rate of estrogen reduction, so their severity may be different, which indicates the severity of menopause. As a sharp hormonal decline disrupts the work of all internal organs and affects the metabolism, the symptoms can be observed from all sensitive organs and systems. Most often, the first signs of violations in menopause are vasomotor and emotional-psychological changes. The woman is concerned about irritability, mood swings, depression, decreased sexual desire, insomnia, fatigue. Also, vegetative manifestations often can be attacks of sweating, heat, headache and palpitations. This is usually the first clinical signs of the onset of premenopause. Such attacks can be long before the menstrual irregularities and are called "hot flashes". This can be considered the beginning of menopause. Sleep disorders in menopause are also very often the first clinical symptoms. In this case, there may be insomnia or a feeling of drowsiness in the morning.

Violation of the menstrual cycle with menopause has the character of irregular menstruation - one month is, but the next two are not present, and in the future they disappear altogether. There may also be copious monthly, and the next month their absence. At the same time, such a process takes about six months, no more, from changes in menstruation to their complete disappearance.

Hormonal disorders in menopause affect the development of symptoms from the cardiovascular system. Feeling of cardiac fading, or vice versa, increased heart rate, sweating, lability of blood pressure - all this is associated with a deficiency of estrogens, as the conduction of the nerve impulse and the regulation of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system are impaired. Also, the cardiovascular system suffers from hyperkatecholamineemia, which is characterized by arrhythmias in the form of irregularities in the work of the heart, paroxysmal tachycardia. Arterial hypertension is promoted by sodium and water retention and increased circulating blood volume, which can cause symptoms in the form of bothersome headaches, flickering of the midges before the eyes, nausea, and hyperemia of the face.

Violation of the hormonal balance causes a metabolic disorder in menopause in the form of hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia. This is an unfavorable sign and therefore often in this period develops ischemic heart disease and angina. In this case, there are symptoms in the form of pain in the heart, behind the breastbone, which appear after physical exertion or stress and have a aching, pressing character. Such symptoms require participation with correction of not only the hormonal background, but also with drug therapy of pathology.

Another serious disorder occurs with the bone tissue. A decrease in the level of estrogens helps to remove calcium from bones, impair its absorption in the intestine and the development of osteoporosis. This causes clinical manifestations in the form of pain in the legs, fatigue, muscle twitching.

Later changes in the internal organs with menopause is trophic changes in the urethra, which contributes to a burning sensation and frequent urination. Also, there is dry skin of the genitals, itching, unpleasant sensation during sexual intercourse. This contributes to the frequent development of urogenital infections, as the barrier function of the vaginal mucus is impaired.

The general state of the body is inhibited, the processes of cell differentiation are reduced and the aging of the skin occurs, the appearance of wrinkles, dryness and brittle nails and hair, hair loss.

All these symptoms most often appear gradually, but it is necessary to monitor their dynamics, since it is necessary to correct the hormonal background in time and prescribe a treatment.

Complications and consequences

The consequences of violations in menopause can be very serious and depend on the nature of those processes and symptoms that predominate. In the case of concomitant pathologies complications of violations in menopause can be expressed in the form of stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertensive crisis. If the breasts are very marked, then pathological fractures are possible.

It is also important to note that hormonal disorders can cause the development of a process such as myoma of the uterus. This is a process that occurs when the proliferative processes in the uterus do not correspond to hormones. Therefore, regular preventive examinations are necessary, which allow to identify this disease.

[13], [14], [15], [16]

Diagnostics of the violations with menopause

It is very important to correctly determine the diagnosis of violations in a timely climax with timely treatment of pathology. It is necessary to clearly differentiate the nature of functional disorders and their dependence on the onset of menopause, because for complex treatment it is necessary to take into account and correct climacteric changes.

Often women do not know what to associate with their condition, so you need to be careful about this issue and not exclude any symptoms, like the manifestation of the climacteric period. First of all, you need to start the diagnosis with a careful history. It is necessary to find out when these symptoms first appeared and whether it is associated with a delay in menstruation. It is necessary to find out what kind of symptomatology now, how the symptoms varied depending on the situation, and also to detail the patient's complaints. The peculiarity of such disorders in menopause may be their multiple nature, that is, there may be symptoms from the heart and increased pressure with simultaneous changes in the nervous system, so it is important to collect an anamnesis. If this is a routine examination by a gynecologist, then you need to examine the woman on the armchair, which allows you to identify violations in the form of dryness of the mucous membrane of the vagina, pathological discharge, than can be confirmed by the diagnosis. Analyzes that are necessary to clarify the diagnosis are general clinical and special. General - a blood test, a biochemical blood test with a lipidogram and indicators of kidney function, urine analysis. With climax due to the activation of the decomposition of fatty acids, it is possible to increase triglycerides and low density lipoproteins. These substances may play a secondary role in the pathogenesis of various disorders in menopause and the corresponding complaints of the heart or headaches, so it is important to determine this indicator. As for special tests, it is necessary to determine the level of the main female hormones in the blood. This is necessary not only for the further treatment of menopause, but also for analyzing the level of hormonal changes and the duration of pathology. If a woman complains of pain in the muscles of the lower extremities or leg pain when walking, then you need to determine the level of calcium and magnesium in the body, which will help diagnose the dysfunction of bone tissue in menopause in the form of osteoporosis.

Instrumental diagnosis of violations in menopause is aimed at identifying the etiology and excluding other organic pathologies. Conduct mandatory and special research methods. Among the mandatory methods - electrocardiography, which allows you to exclude cardiac pathology in the case of concomitant symptoms from the heart. It is necessary to determine whether hormonal changes have affected the functioning of the heart or whether the disturbance is only at a functional level. Special methods are performed to clarify the diagnosis in certain complaints. For example, in the case of pronounced osteoporetic changes, densitometry can be carried out, and with the predominance of increased pressure, daily monitoring of arterial pressure is very informative, which makes it possible to determine the dependence of pressure lability on the release of hormones.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of violations in menopause should be carried out taking into account the conductive symptom and with the aim of eliminating organic pathology. That is, first of all it is necessary to establish a connection with a climax for the successful treatment of pathology. If the main symptom is headaches and increased pressure, then it is necessary to differentiate these changes with hypertensive disease. With the help of differential diagnosis it is necessary to establish the functional nature of such changes in menopause or this is an essential hypertension. Then a simple measurement of blood pressure is not enough and it is necessary to carry out daily monitoring of blood pressure. In this case, each element of elevation of arterial pressure is determined, which can be compared with possible etiologic factors and episodes of headache. This method also allows you to exclude hypertensive disease. Also, with hypertension, headaches have a slightly different character - they are localized in the occipital region and are more troubling in the morning, are well treated with antihypertensive medication, and changes in anamnesis are important.

Also, disturbances in menopause should be differentiated from coronary artery atherosclerosis in case of cardiac symptoms.

Clear diagnostic tactics and careful differential diagnostics allow timely detection of any violations during the menopause and differentiation of this pathology from organic diseases with the purpose of timely treatment and improving the quality of life of the patient.

[17], [18],

Treatment of the violations with menopause

Treatment of violations in menopause should also be preventive in order to prevent the development of more serious symptoms. There are medicamentous and non-medicamentous methods of treatment. Medical methods of treatment are aimed at substitution therapy for a lack of hormones and at the same time for the elimination of complaints and symptoms of the patient. Non-drug treatment is aimed at correcting hormonal imbalance on the one hand and on the preventive effect on the other hand. Therefore, the use of alternative drugs is a priority only in the complex treatment of menopause and during remission.

First of all, in the treatment of any disturbances in menopause, an important role is played by the correction of the mode of life, since the hormonal background depends on the daily biorhythms and affects the functional disturbances.

1. It is necessary to exclude bad habits, because smoking has a very bad effect on the tone of the vessels, and nicotine further narrows the blood vessels and can provoke disorders in the form of headaches, palpitation, dyspnea.
2. Eliminate stresses, stresses that lead to impairment of nervous activity and can exacerbate functional disorders in menopause.
3. Normalization of sleep by means of a rest - you need to go to bed at about the same time, sleep at least 8-9 hours a day. It is necessary to carry out hygiene measures in the room where the woman sleeps - wet cleaning, ventilation, fresh linen - all this contributes to rest at night and improves blood circulation in the vessels of the brain. Due to this, the symptoms of sleep disorders can disappear and the general emotional state of a woman improves.
4. Correction of the regime of the day with the normalization of the period of rest and work. It is necessary to establish exactly the rest regime after each labor. This will help the body to properly distribute forces and relieve tension with the prevention of various pathologies.
5. It is important to organize the right diet with dietary elements. It is necessary to exclude fatty foods, which load internal organs and contribute to the disruption of the metabolism of essential nutrients. It is also necessary to organize frequent fractional meals in small portions, with the exception of simple carbohydrates and the predominance of vegetable protein. You need to eat at least 300 grams of fruits and vegetables a day. Also, one should not forget about the drinking regime and drink clean water at least 1.5 liters. Such dietary recommendations are aimed primarily at normalizing the function of digestion, as well as preventing the problems with excess weight and associated changes in the lipid spectrum.
6. It is necessary to organize leisure activities with dosed physical loads in the form of easy jogging, swimming or simple walking. This will help regulate the work of the nervous system and prevent the development of metabolic disorders.

These are the main non-medicament means, which significantly reduce the risk of development of violations in menopause in case of regular adherence to these recommendations. But at the same time, if violations have already occurred, then it is necessary to carry out hormone replacement therapy with medicines. To do this, you can use:

1. Triziston is a complex hormone replacement. This drug is produced in a pharmacological form of a three-color dragee, which are applied on a special schedule for three weeks, then break for a week. The course of treatment is not less than three to six months. Contraindications for the prescription of the drug are malignant formations of any localization, pathology of blood vessels in the form of thromboses in the anamnesis, hepatitises. It should be used with caution in diabetes, because the drug can change glucose tolerance, as well as with hypertension. Side effects can appear in the form of cholestasis, impaired liver function, embolism, as well as allergic and dyspeptic reactions.
2. Logest is a preparation containing estradiol and gestagen in its composition, it is a highly dosed drug, due to which its prophylactic role is manifested not only in the correction of the hormonal background, but also in the prevention of oncological diseases of the female reproductive system. The drug contributes to the leveling of hormonal inconsistencies and due to this disturbance in menopause are less pronounced. Logest is available in pharmacological form capsules, contained in 21 pieces per package. The reception must start from the first day of the cycle. You can begin to receive and the fifth day of the menstrual cycle in the case of menopause in women. The course of admission is one capsule per day for three weeks, then a break of seven days, then you need to resume reception. Adverse events are possible on the part of the digestive tract in the form of a stool, nausea, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, vomiting. There may also be asthenovegetative reactions, manifestations of hormonal treatment from the side of the breast in the form of engorgement of the breast, soreness, secretions, as well as an increase in the secretion of the vaginal secretion. Contraindication to the use of the drug for treatment - a problem with blood coagulability and a history of heart attack or a stroke, malignant neoplasms, severe liver damage, pancreatic damage and diabetes.
3. Magnnefar is a drug that contains magnesium and pyridoxine, which contributes to the normalization of the nerve impulse through the fibers and regulates the vascular tone. Due to this effect, the drug has sedative properties and contributes to the normalization of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. In addition, magnesium takes part in the metabolism of cellular elements and promotes the synthesis of energy. Also, magnesium participates in the metabolism of hormones, which, with menopause, takes precedence. Therefore, the use of Magnefar in menopause allows to regulate disorders from the nervous system, and also allows to restore the normal level of microelements and can be prescribed in the complex therapy of osteoporosis in menopause. Pyridoxine takes part in protein and carbon metabolism and improves the absorption of magnesium in cells. The drug is produced in the form of pharmacological tablets of 500 milligrams and is taken in a dose of one tablet three times a day. The course of treatment is usually seven days, then you can take a prophylactic dose. Side effects are possible in the form of allergic manifestations, as well as changes from the gastrointestinal tract. Possible manifestations of the cardiovascular system in the form of violations of the heart rate, pressure decrease. Contraindications to taking the drug are pathology of the muscular system, arterial hypotension, elevated magnesium level in the blood.
4. Supradin is a complex vitamin preparation that is recommended as a preventive and curative vitamin remedy. Given the rich composition, the drug replenishes stocks of not only vitamins, but also trace elements, which allows using it as a prophylactic for menopause. The composition of the drug includes vitamins - A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B9 B12, C, D, E, H, as well as trace elements - - magnesium, calcium, copper, manganese, zinc, iron, molybdenum. Thanks to the complex action of calcium and magnesium, and vitamin C, the normal nutrition of the skin and mucous membranes is restored, which reduces the severity of unpleasant sensations in the genital area. The drug is available in pharmacological form of dragees and effervescent tablets. It is taken in a dose of one tablet once a day, dissolving in a small amount of water. Side effects with respect to the dose are not detected, it is possible to change the color of urine due to the composition of the drug. Contraindications to taking the drug - this is an increased level of any hormones, serious violations of kidney and liver. Precautions - do not combine with other vitamins.

Operative treatment of violations in menopause is not used, because there is no special indication for such an intervention. Organic changes in menopause in the form of concomitant uterine fibroids may be an indication for surgical treatment under certain conditions.

Along with medications, it is important to carry out physiotherapeutic treatment. Very good effect gives the use of magnetotherapy, laser therapy, electrophoresis.

As a complex therapy recommend the use of vitamins B, C, A, better in combination in complex vitamin preparations.

Alternative treatment of violations with menopause

Sometimes the alternative treatment of various disorders in menopause is a priority, because the constant intake of medical hormonal drugs scares women a little. In general, alternative treatment is possible in any case, but sometimes hormones are needed, so before any treatment it is necessary to consult a doctor. The methods of alternative treatment that are used are aimed at the correction of hormonal homeostasis and the main ones are:

1. An effective way to normalize the hormonal background is to use a shell of walnuts. Tincture of walnuts is prepared as follows: membranes or shells are cooked for about five minutes in hot water, then drain the water and fill half a cup of alcohol. This solution should be infused for about five to seven days, after which it can be taken one teaspoon twice a day, previously diluted with boiled water in the same proportion. The course of treatment is twenty one days.
2. Herbal decoction of currant leaves, nettles, burdock and mallberry - take a tablespoon of each herb, steam it in hot water and insist for 20 minutes. It is necessary to take such a decoction of half a glass on an empty stomach every day for at least two months to obtain an effect. This drink reduces the effect of a reduced amount of estrogens and regulates the normal activity of internal organs.
3. Cones of hops, valerian, lime, coriander, motherwort and oregano must be filled with a liter of hot water and after being infused, drink in the morning and in the evening 2 teaspoons. Such a solution calms the nervous system and improves neuromuscular conduction in the ganglia. This prevents the disturbance of the nervous system during climax, which removes the symptoms of vegetative and emotional manifestations and prevents violations of vascular tone.
4. Honey, as a natural source of nutrients and trace elements, which increase local immunity and stimulate regeneration, is widely used to treat the pathology of female genital organs, including in menopause. To create a medicine from honey, you need to make a solution of three tablespoons of honey, five drops of flaxseed oil and three tablespoons of boiled water and take a teaspoon twice a day, the course - 10 days. Such a tool contributes to the normalization of the hormonal background, which is also aimed at preventing violations from local immunity and the development of candidiasis of the vulva.

Homeopathic remedies are able not only to correct hormonal imbalance, but also they can be taken with a preventive purpose, even if the menopause has no special manifestations. It is also necessary to include these drugs in complex therapy, because the body responds well to such drugs.

1. Remens is a preparation of a homeopathic series that promotes regulation of hormonal imbalance in menopause due to influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary zone, and also has protective properties on myocardial cells and vessels. This prevents the development of cardiac dysfunction in menopause. The drug is available in the form of a solution and tablets. The medicine is applied on the first and second day in an increased dose - one tablet or ten drops eight times a day, and then for three months at the same dose, but only three times a day. There were no side effects. Contraindications to the admission of Remens - is hypersensitivity to the individual contents of the drug.
2. Ginekohel - a combined homeopathic remedy, which has an effect on the disturbances in menopause by normalizing the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone, which helps reduce the effect of deficiency of these hormones. The drug is released in drops and dosed ten drops three times a day, can be dissolved in water or take a clean solution. Side effects are not common, but there may be stool disorders, dyspepsia and allergic reactions. No contraindications found.
3. Climacchel is a homeopathic remedy that has a composition similar to phytoestrogen drugs and promotes the normalization of the hormonal background in menopause. The drug also reduces proliferative processes at the cell level. Apply Climacchel in tablets one tablet before meals or an hour after it three times a day. The course of treatment with the drug is long - about two months. There were no side effects. Contraindications to the admission of Climacchel - this is hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
4. Sigetin - a drug that is a synthetic analogue of the natural hormone estrogen, and allows you to replenish its stock with menopause. It has properties as a tonic, soothing. It has a good effect on the psychosomatic manifestations of menopause, as well as on the vegetative and psychological symptoms of menopause. Therefore, it can be used as an initial therapy for the first signs of the onset of abnormalities in menopause.
5. Cyclodinone is a combined homeopathic remedy that affects hormonal disorders and restores estrogen deficiency. This drug is available in the form of pharmaceutical drops and tablets. Take one tablet a day, preferably in the morning or 40 drops with the same multiplicity. Duration of treatment is about three months. Contraindication to taking the drug - acute infectious processes in the body.

Such a wide range of medicines not only medicamentous, but also alternative agents, as well as preparations of the homeopathic series, allows to choose the necessary treatment and successfully correct the hormonal changes in the climax with the prevention of further violations.

Forecast

The prognosis of disturbances in menopause depends on the moment of revealing the main symptoms and on the timely correction of pathology. In general, with the proper diagnosis and the implementation of preventive measures, the menopause period can go smoothly without special violations. Therefore, it is important to adhere to prevention measures, which in this case can be nonspecific. It is necessary to properly organize your daily routine with alternating periods of rest and work. You need to eat right with the exception of all harmful foods and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Sleep is a necessary measure for health, its duration should be at least 8-9 hours. It is necessary to exclude stresses in life and to go in for sports even in a mode of walking. It is also necessary to exclude bad habits and treat associated pathologies in the form of hypertension, because blood pressure control is very important for the prevention of complications in menopause, even if it is not accompanied by any other symptoms. Specific prophylaxis can be performed in the case of the appearance of the first symptoms of menopause, then it is possible to begin prophylactic reception of homeopathic remedies for the purpose of hormonal background regulation.

Violations in menopause can be expressed in varying degrees. Since this is a stage in the life of every woman who needs to simply experience, it is necessary to know the main features of this period, in order to know when to take action. It is important to undergo preventive examinations with a doctor in order to timely diagnose pathology. If you want to survive this period without problems, then it is necessary to discuss with the doctor the issue of preventing the development of violations in menopause, because it is always better than treatment with medications.

[19], [20], [21]