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Encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment
Last reviewed: 07.07.2025
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The herpes simplex virus is classified as a pantropic virus capable of affecting various organs and systems (skin, mucous membranes, nervous system, liver). The virus penetrates the central nervous system by hematogenous and perineural routes. It is characterized by long-term persistence in the body and the ability to periodically activate under the influence of non-specific factors.
Symptoms of encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus
Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus begins acutely, with a rise in body temperature. Meningeal symptoms appear quickly, and general epileptic seizures often occur. Focal symptoms are manifested by central mono- and hemiparesis, hyperkinesis. Pleocytosis with a predominance of lymphocytes (up to several hundred cells in 1 μl), an increase in protein content (up to 2-3 g/l), mild xanthochromia or a small admixture of erythrocytes are detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
The diagnosis is confirmed by various serological reactions and the immunofluorescent antibody method. CT reveals areas of pathologically low density in the brain matter at an early stage.
The course is usually severe. Mortality is significantly higher than with other viral diseases of the nervous system. In rare cases, complete recovery without consequences is possible. Mostly, those who have had herpes encephalitis retain focal symptoms, and the EEG shows "giant" slow waves.
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