Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung injury in premature infants, which is caused by oxygen and prolonged ventilation.

Syndrome of hypoplasia of the left heart

The hypoplasia syndrome of the left heart consists of left ventricular hypoplasia and ascending aorta, underdevelopment of aortic and mitral valves, atrial septal defect and wide open arterial duct. If the physiological closure of the arterial duct is not prevented by the infusion of prostaglandin, cardiogenic shock will develop and the child will die. Often a loud single tone II and nonspecific systolic noise are heard.

Hirschsprung's disease (congenital megacolon)

Hirschsprung's disease (congenital megacolon) is a congenital anomaly of the innervation of the lower intestine, usually confined to the colon, which leads to partial or complete functional intestinal obstruction. Symptoms include persistent constipation and an enlarged abdomen. The diagnosis is based on the barium enema and biopsy. Treatment of Hirschsprung's disease is surgical.

Apnea of prematurity

Apnea of prematurity is defined as respiratory pauses of more than 20 s, or interruption of air flow and respiratory pauses of less than 20 s combined with bradycardia (less than 80 beats / min), central cyanosis or O2 saturation of less than 85% in children born less than 37 weeks gestation, and in the absence of causes that cause apnea. The reasons may be immaturity of the central nervous system (CNS) or airway obstruction.

Dehydration in children

Dehydration is a significant loss of water and, as a rule, electrolytes. Symptoms and signs include thirst, retardation, dry mucous membranes, decreased diuresis and with progression of the degree of dehydration - tachycardia, hypotension and shock. The diagnosis is based on anamnesis and physical examination. Treatment is carried out by oral or intravenous fluid and electrolyte refund.

Cholestasis of the newborn

Cholestasis is a violation of excretion of bilirubin, which leads to an increase in the level of direct bilirubin and jaundice. There are many causes of cholestasis, which are revealed in laboratory studies, liver and biliary tract scanning, and sometimes liver biopsy and surgery. Treatment depends on the cause.

Necrotizing ulcerative enterocolitis

Necrotic ulcerative enterocolitis is an acquired disease, primarily in premature and sick newborns, which is characterized by necrosis of the intestinal mucosa or even deeper layers.

Tyrosinemia

Tyrosine is the precursor of some neurotransmitters (for example, dopamine, norepinephrine, adrenaline), hormones (eg, thyroxine), and melanin; deficiency of enzymes involved in their metabolism, leads to a number of syndromes. Type I tyrosineemia - this disease is inherited by an autosomal recessive type, caused by a deficiency of fumaryl-acetoacetate hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of tyrosine.

Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria is a clinical syndrome that includes mental retardation with cognitive and behavioral disorders that are caused by an increase in the level of phenylalanine in the blood. The primary cause is insufficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The diagnosis is based on the detection of a high level of phenylalanine and a normal or low level of tyrosine.

Incomplete turn of the intestine

An unfinished turn of the intestine is a condition in which the normal process of development of the intestine is broken in the intrauterine period and it does not occupy its normal place in the abdominal cavity.

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