Deep vein thrombophlebitis of lower extremities

Severe pathology caused by blood clotting in the veins with the formation of a thrombus is designated by doctors as a venous thrombosis. In this article, we will try to consider in more detail thrombophlebitis of deep veins of the lower extremities: the nature of the problem, the severity of the disease, the possibility of cupping and the risk of complications.

ICD-10 code

In the international medical register, deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities has its own code in μb 10, which is designated I80.2, with the name "Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis of other deep vessels of the lower extremities" assigned to it.

Causes of deep vein thrombophlebitis of lower extremities

Modern science can do a lot. But in order to prevent the development of the disease and the treatment was effective, it is necessary to know the causes of thrombophlebitis of the deep veins of the lower extremities. Only by establishing the source can we talk about the adequacy of the measures taken, which stop not only the consequences, but also the root cause.

The main source of pathology is the three criteria known as the "Triad of Virochov":

1. The level of coagulation is much higher than normal.
2. Deterioration of the state of the walls of the vascular system.
3. Stagnant phenomena and slowing of blood flow.

It should be noted that there are categories of people who have a much higher risk of developing such a disease:

• With age, the likelihood of vascular pathology increases.
• Complex fractures in the anamnesis.
• Pregnancy and immediate delivery. This is particularly true of women who have been through caesarean section.
• Obesity.
• Frequent and long trips and flights, especially with the change of climatic zones.
• Extensive cavitary operations.
• Operative intervention on the joints.
• Infectious damage to the body.
• Harmful habits in the form of nicotine, alcohol, drugs.
• Admission of a number of drugs that affect the clotting factor.
• Trauma of veins.
• Modern foods rich in stabilizers, dyes, preservatives, genetically modified substances and so on.
• Prolonged immobilization, for example, bed rest.
• Problems in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
• The tendency of the organism to an allergic response to an external stimulus.
• If a professional activity or way of life involves a long stay on your feet.
• Sedentary work, when the blood vessels of the back of the thigh are subjected to prolonged pressure.

[1], [2], [3],

Pathogenesis

The mechanism of the origin and development of the disease - pathogenesis - is quite simple. With a sudden inhibition of blood flow, a blood clot is formed, which contains red blood cells, a small number of fibrin and platelets. In one part (the leg) the clot is fixed to the wall, while the other is not fixed and can freely mix in the flow.

In this thrombosis has a progressive character, leading to the size of the blood capsule to impressive parameters. The thrombus is located along the length of the blood flow. The first three - four days, this education is weakly fixed and there can be a separation. But already after the expiration of five to six days, the developing inflammation of the inner wall, more reliably fixes the thrombus at the attachment site.

Symptoms of deep vein thrombophlebitis of lower extremities

Overlapping the blood clot of these vessels is the most common. Symptoms of deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities are:

• Increased swelling of the affected leg, as well as a local change in the shade of the epidermis in the area of thrombus localization.
• The victim also begins to feel the pulling pain in the gastrocnemius muscle.
• There is a feeling of burning and heaviness.
• Depending on the place of formation of blockage, swelling can capture both a separate area and the entire lower limb.

But the cunning of this pathology is that it can develop asymptomatically for a long time. Moreover, venous insufficiency is immediately manifested by complications, the consequence of which can be a lethal outcome: the higher the occlusion, the more dangerous the separation of the blood capsule.

First signs

As already mentioned above, it is often enough that the patient pays too much attention to the problem that arises when the complications in the body are already progressing. But an attentive person can still recognize the first signs of impending pathology.

The first thing a patient can see is a small swelling of the whole limb or a separate section on it. In this case, depending on the status of the disease (chronic or acute form), the first signs may vary.

As shown by medical statistics, this pathology is diagnosed, in general, in people after 20 years, with the percentage of female pathology much higher than that of men.

[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

Acute thrombophlebitis of deep veins of lower extremities

Physicians differentiate the disease from the nature of its course to acute and chronic. Acute thrombophlebitis of the deep veins of the lower limbs begins with a slight puffiness, but a strong character of the pain that spreads along the subcutaneous vein. The pathological process can affect a separate sector (shin, thigh or foot) or the entire leg.

Often the patient has an increase in body temperature readings to figures of 38 - 39 ° C, and sometimes up to 40 ° C. The person begins to beat a chill. But the course of the affected blood vessel appears hyperemic red strip, with a cyanotic hue, color. When palpation, the doctor feels a tight tourniquet under his fingers.

If you look closely, the expert will recognize the change in the skin, which becomes more brilliant. Edema can add a foot in volume to one - two centimeters.

After two to three days, a network of dilated vessels begins to be recognized on the surface. The patient feels that the injured leg is colder than the healthy one.

If you lift a limb, you feel a decrease in severity, the pain weakens, and the inner bursting decreases. Gradually, the patient begins to feel a general weakness. A deep breath and a fit of cough only increase the intensity of pain symptoms in the leg.

In this case, the phlebologist, having additional symptoms, is able to specify the problem.

• Byshard's symptom is established if, when pressing on the heel from the inside, the patient feels a sharp pain.
• The fold of the foot and the sharp pain in the gastrocnemius muscle is a symptom of Homans.
• If the cuff of the tonometer is applied to the leg (above the knee) and the pressure is pumped up to 45-50 mm. Gt; Art. There is an acute pain syndrome (the pressure decreases and the pain goes away), the doctor diagnoses the symptom of Opitz-Ramines.
• Similarly, the reaction is tested at a pressure in the middle of the shank. The compression is adjusted to 80 mm. Gt; Art. If the patient feels an increasing pain sensation in the gastrocnemius muscle - a symptom of Lovenberg.
• Symptom of Moses - if the squeezing of the shins with your hands (the ring moves first upwards - down, then sideways), the person feels pain.

The inflammatory process gradually seizes the joint and ligament tissues of the knee. The mobility of the joints becomes painful.

[10], [11], [12], [13], [14]

Chronic thrombophlebitis of deep veins of lower extremities

In contrast to the acute form of the manifestation of the disease, chronic deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities does not bear a pronounced symptomatology. In the case of a chronic disease, the pain is not as intense and periodic. Basically, the pain syndrome builds up after a long load on the lower limbs: prolonged walking or standing, weight lifting. The pain of rest is practically not observed. The edema may be slightly noticeable.

This set of symptoms does not scare the patient, so he does not hurry to see a specialist.

[15], [16]

Effects

Due to changes in living conditions and nutrition, modern people are increasingly confronted with the disease, which occurs in this article. Especially it affects the industrialized countries. Many people, feeling the heaviness in their legs, drop this on general fatigue, not hurrying to see a doctor. But the consequences of this ignoring can be very deplorable.

1. A favorable outcome is possible and the blood clot will dissolve independently. The duration of this process depends on the individual organism, the dimensional parameters of the phlebolitis, and the diameter of the vessel's cross-section.
2. Perhaps a partial release of the lumen.
3. The growth of the veins through the proliferation of connective tissue.
4. But the most dangerous of the consequences of deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities is pulmonary embolism - blockage of the pulmonary artery or its branches with phlebolites. Dangerous not only for health, but also for the life of the patient complication.
5. Stroke or heart attack. After the birth in the vein, the clot is able to detach from the mucosa and begin its migration, carried by the blood flow. Depending on which vessel it enters (capillaries of the brain or coronary arteries), the thrombus can cause a stroke-rupture, spasm or blockage of one of the vessels of the brain or a heart attack.
6. In the course of blood flow in large vessels, there are special valves that help in the movement of fluid through the canal from the legs to the heart. Suffice frequent cases of damage or complete elimination of valves at the time of resolution of the thrombus. This development of pathology unambiguously leads to venous insufficiency. Its appearance and results in such symptoms as swelling of the extremities and a feeling of heaviness.

[17], [18], [19], [20]

Complications

The greatest danger is a severed thrombus. Flotating clot is able to provoke massive thromboembolism, which leads to the inevitable death of the body and death of a person. This, perhaps, is one of the most serious complications of the disease in question.

Another scenario is possible. For example, complications such as:

• A marked increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, the numerical values of which are 40 mm. Gt; Art. And more that develops thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery.
• A similar situation, only thromboembolism of the smaller branches of the pulmonary artery. This pattern of pathology is usually accompanied by problems with breathing, which together leads to a heart attack - pneumonia.
• Another complication of this pathology is chronic venous insufficiency, which turns the patient into an invalid. It develops on the basis of postthrombophlebitic syndrome.
• One of the consequences of acute thrombophlebitis in the legs is blue phlegmasia, caused by blockage of almost all the major vessels of the lower extremities.
• Most phlebolites are infected and are the source of infection spread throughout the body. It provokes the development of phlegmon, suppuration and other, including foci of sepsis and progression of metastases.
• With an acute form of the disease, intolerable pain appears, the swelling grows almost in front of the eyes, sometimes increasing the size of the limb by two to three times. If no help is provided, the transection of the subcutaneous veins increases further, the epidermis turns pale, acquiring a purple hue, the temperature characteristics of the affected leg fall. From the petechia begins to stand out a liquid substance with an unpleasant odor, which indicates the infection of wounds. Against this background there is a shortness of breath, heart rate sharply increases. All this pathological picture, if not to take emergency measures, leads to the development of sepsis, hypovolemic shock, and in some cases to gangrene.

[21], [22],

Diagnosis of deep vein thrombophlebitis of lower extremities

Consultation of a qualified doctor will allow us to narrow down the set of tools necessary for the correct establishment of the disease. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities is a complex of studies that make it possible to clearly define the disease by eliminating other pathologies.

1. Initial examination by a specialist.
2. Duplex scanning - conducting an ultrasound examination session with a parallel reception of a black and white picture of the vascular status, with a moving blood flow. This visibility makes it possible to identify places of obstruction and vascular insufficiency. If clogs are not observed, but clearly the species of parietal thickening - this indicates occlusal thrombosis. It does not pose a particular danger and does not threaten to be detached. But if the thrombus has a tail attached to the wall and a head that moves freely in the blood stream. Such a blockage is called a floating thrombosis - it is very dangerous for health, and, at times, and the life of the patient. In this case, the probability of the first type of pathology transition to the second is high. This can happen if you do not take adequate therapeutic measures against the background of further growth of the clot.
3. Radiopaque phlebography - radiography of the lower extremities, allowing to examine the deep veins of the patient. The procedure is performed using a radiopaque substance introduced into the venous system. The most informative study. Appointed if there are doubts about the objective reliability of a duplex examination. This is especially true in case of clot localization in the groin area.
4. If the answers to all questions are not received, the doctor may prescribe an additional examination in the form of magnetic resonance therapy (MRI) or computed tomography (angiography).
5. A study is being conducted to determine the level of D-dimer in the blood. If it is higher than normal, this is a confirmation of the presence of a blood clot in the body.
6. If a specialist has reason to believe thrombophlebitis of the pulmonary artery, they are assigned a chest X-ray. Most often, scintigraphy with a radioactive marker is used. Only on the basis of this study and the results of duplex scanning can we speak about the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism.
7. In addition, an electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHR) can be prescribed.
8. It is mandatory to monitor blood pressure values.

[23], [24], [25], [26], [27]

Analyzes

When establishing a diagnosis, you can not do without the results of laboratory tests. The main tests that are needed to obtain a complete picture of the pathology are a clinical blood test. Doctors are interested in the leukocytosis index, as well as the level of ESR.

It is also desirable to lead:

• Analysis of the C-reactive protein is a glycoprotein produced by the liver and belongs to the components of the acute phase of inflammation. Its long high indices speak of an inflammatory process affecting the walls of the vessels.
• Obtaining thrombelastograms is a method of graphically recording the processes of coagulation and fibrinolysis occurring in the blood.
• Definitions of the level of prothrombin index - allows to assess the state of the blood coagulation system.

But, as unfortunate as it sounds, the amount of tests performed is sometimes limited by the capabilities of the laboratory itself of the institution where the patient is examined.

[28], [29], [30], [31], [32]

Instrumental diagnostics

Having obtained the results of laboratory tests, it is quite difficult to diagnose the disease. The most informative for the formulation of the diagnosis in question is instrumental diagnostics. Modern medicine offers physicians a whole range of different tools that allow not only to visualize the problem, but also, by processing the data, to give detailed indicators of the state of the patient's body. With the help of innovative techniques, the specialist receives a complete picture of the condition of the subcutaneous deep veins and valves, the characteristics of the channel cross-section and other components.

Such methods of modern medicine include:

1. Ultrasound angiography of the extremities is a rather fast and informative method of diagnosis. Its essence is in the ability of cells to receive and reflect ultrasonic waves. It is carried out with the use of a contrast agent, which is fed into the bloodstream.
2. Phleboscintigraphy - the study is conducted using radionuclide isotopes. The method is highly informative and shows high accuracy in determining the location of the localization and the nature of the pathology.
3. Ultrasonic dopplerography is a method of examination based on the Doppler effect, the essence of which is that the moving liquid reflects waves falling at it with variable frequency. This shift in the readings of the incoming and reflected waves is directly proportional to the rate of blood flow.
4. Phlebography is a method of examining a patient's venous system with the use of a contrast iodine-containing substance, and recording of blood filling of large veins takes place.
5. Multispiral computed tomography.
6. Magnetic resonance imaging. The last two methods are the most innovative and informative. But due to their high cost, they are appointed only if other methods did not give an unambiguous diagnosis.
7. Radiography of the chest is prescribed with suspicions of physicians on the pulmonary embolism of the pulmonary artery developing in the patient's body.

Timely diagnosis, in the early stages of development, and the correct establishment of the disease make it possible to conduct the most effective therapy.

Differential diagnostics

As practice shows, a number of diseases can have a similar symptomatology. Therefore, only after obtaining a complete clinical picture of the pathology and the results of diverse studies, we can talk about setting the right diagnosis. Differential diagnosis allows, according to available results, to determine the disease, eliminating those that are symptomatic similar.

Having a similar clinic, at the behavior of the examination, the doctor should exclude the following pathologies:

• Cellulite is a degenerative - dystrophic disorder of the dermis and subcutaneous fatty tissue.
• A rupture of the synovial cyst (Baker's cyst), the symptom of which is the appearance behind the knee joint of a formation filled with synovial fluid that an inexperienced person can take for swelling.
• Lymphedema - swelling of lymph - accumulation of fluid in the lymphatic vessels.
• Stretching or rupturing of muscle tissue, with concomitant symptoms.
• Blood vessel transplant from the outside: neoplasm or enlarged lymph nodes.

[33], [34], [35], [36],

Treatment of deep vein thrombophlebitis of lower extremities

Depending on the differentiation of the diagnosis and the severity of the disease, the doctor raises the question of the patient's medical examination or outpatient relief of the problem. Treatment of deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities provides for the use of special ointments, after application of which, it is mandatory to compress the bandages or wear special compression stockings.

Not the last place is given to physiotherapy exercises, as well as precisely chosen physiotherapy procedures.

Such patients are shown sanatorium treatment in balneological centers or specialized mud baths.

But if a flotation thrombosis is diagnosed, surgery is most likely to be prescribed. The vascular surgeon will perform the most effective operation in this clinical picture:

• Removal of dangerous phlebolitis.
• Bandaging the affected venules.
• Velcro contraction - methods of surgical prevention of pulmonary embolism.
• Reconstructive surgery for arteriovenous bypass.
• Establishment of a cava filter - a medical device implanted in the passage of a blood vessel to catch blood clots that are carried by the bloodstream.

Medications

The protocol of therapeutic therapy depends on the differential belonging of the pathology. The occlusive nature of the disease is treated conservatively. Selection of a medicine is determined by the pathogenesis of the problem. Therefore, the first thing the doctor does is appoint the patient drugs related to the group of anticoagulants, that is, the drugs that reduce coagulability, which is a preventive measure against the formation of blood clots. In general, it is heparin and its derivatives.

The drug is used intravenously and subcutaneously. Intramuscular administration is not recommended because of the risk of hematoma formation.

The starting dosage for intravenous administration is 5000 IU. The drug is used after dilution in an isotonic solution of NaCl. Repeated injection is carried out every four to six hours. If necessary, the dosage can be doubled.

This drug is contraindicated in case of individual intolerance of the constituents of the medicine, hemorrhagic diathesis, bleeding of any nature, disturbance in the work of the kidneys and liver, leukemia and so on.

This medicine is used only in a hospital, under the constant supervision of a doctor, since the probability of bleeding is high.

Modern pharmacology offers low molecular weight heparins, which are more convenient to use. Injection the patient is able to do on his own, while their overdoses do not happen. Such drugs do not give complications. These include: fragmine, warfarin, fondaparinux, fractiparin, clexane, idraparinux sodium, coumadin.

Ointment with thrombophlebitis

It should immediately be noted that self-medication should not be used. Only a specialist can prescribe the necessary ointment for thrombophlebitis. It can be a medicine made on the basis of heparin: ointment hepanol or heparin, troxevasin. This ointment, with external application, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. Penetrating into deep tissue, prevents the formation of clots and increased blood clotting.

The drug is applied to the sore spot with a thin layer with a slight rub. This procedure is repeated twice - three times a day. To increase the effectiveness of therapy superimposed bandages with ointment applied to the bandage are applied. It is advisable to do this for the night, putting a folded blanket or pillow under the sick limb. The duration of treatment is two weeks.

In the treatment protocol of the disease under consideration, ointments of anti-inflammatory action of a non-steroidal nature are also introduced: Najz, indovazin, nurofen gel, diclofenacol gel.

These ointments block the production of prostaglandins, suppressing the development of inflammation, while they have analgesic and decongestant properties.

The medicine is accurately applied to the affected area. Repeatability of the procedure is two to three times a day. They are strictly prohibited for compresses. Duration of therapy from seven days to two weeks.

It should be clarified that the ointments under consideration with thrombophlebitis are less effective than their application in case of superficial inflammation. Therefore, they are often used in tandem with tablets taken orally.

Alternative treatment

Do not dismiss the experience of our ancestors. Alternative treatment can be very effective, but on one condition that the prescription that the patient plans to use in stopping the problem should be approved by his treating doctor. Only in this way is it possible to avoid the situation when treatment brings more harm than good.

We are ready to offer several recipes that will significantly improve the situation:

• To prepare the decoction, which is drunk throughout the day, you should take a tablespoon of dried and crushed verbena flowers. Pour into the grass a glass of freshly boiled water and insist until it cools. Drain and take.
• Effective and appliqués with sponge. The composition is prepared by infusion of two tablespoons of powder and 0.5 liters of boiling water. Insist. Compresses using the obtained tincture must be done in the morning and in the evening, keeping on the affected area for about an hour and a half.
• Prepare the collection, taking in equal amounts: plantain leaves, raspberry roots, chamomile flowers, white willow bark, horse chestnut fruits and rue flowers. All the ingredients are ground and mixed. Take two tablespoons of the collection and fill it with 0.5 liters of boiling water. Place the infusion in a dark place where it will be infused for 24 hours. Take it in the morning and at bedtime for 150 mg.

[37], [38], [39], [40], [41],

Leeches with thrombophlebitis of deep veins

Gerudoterapiya has not lost its relevance and with the advent of new technologies and methods of treatment. Leeches with thrombophlebitis of deep veins are used for all types of disease. Modern statistics show quite high results of leeches in therapy, up to full recovery.

To obtain greater effectiveness, they are placed on either side of the affected area (a couple of centimeters from the vein). The distance between the worms is 5-6 cm. Immediately under the knee they are not placed due to the fact that besides the veins, lymph nodes are concentrated there. Predominantly one session requires 6 to 15 bloodsuckers.

It is strictly forbidden to perform this procedure in a patient with developing purulent process.

Herbal Treatment

Alternative prescriptions from the considered disease should be used only as ancillary therapy, in parallel to the main treatment. Treatment with herbs is permissible. They are supposed to be used as decoctions taken orally, and as lotions and applications locally.

In this situation, herbs are used that have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticoagulant effects. Effective tinctures, as individual medicinal plants, and their collections. The most commonly used in the recipe for thrombophlebitis of deep veins are herbs: wormwood, medicinal chamomile, flax seeds, plantain, sweet clover, ruta, wheat swine, horse chestnut, lilac, calendula, St. John's wort, sage, althea root.

Homeopathy

Modern alternative medicine allows for the replacement therapy of many diseases. It finds its response even when the disease treated in this article is being treated. It should be noted immediately that homeopathy requires in its treatment the abolition of other methods, which is unacceptable in the complex treatment of deep vein thrombophlebitis, often involving both operative and therapeutic treatment.

A homoeopathic doctor prescribes several medications that alternate in admission every 14 days.

Orally, the following can be prescribed: peony plus, venoflebin, edas 120, venosan, esculos compositum and venovum. At local treatment, ointments applied to the dermis are applied: edas 203 or venoflegel.

Many are confident that even prolonged use of homeopathic preparations does not harm the body, does not provoke the development of an allergic reaction.

Such drugs are presented in the modern market in the form of solutions for injections, granules and ointments. It is the solutions with intradermal administration that are considered to be the most effective.

In addition to funds working directly over the problem, usually drugs are prescribed in parallel that improve the function of the liver, which is important in the current situation. It can be one of the medicines: arthrosan, edas 919, solventium, arthritis clinics.

Drugs of this group are taken half an hour before or after eating. If the medicine is prescribed in the form of granules, they are placed under the tongue until complete resorption. Wash down with water should not.

For the period of homeopathic treatment should be abandoned the consumption of coffee, strong tea, alcohol, various spices and spices.

Operative treatment

Surgical intervention is also used in the treatment of this disease. But surgical treatment is recommended only in case of diagnosis of severe form of thrombosis, when there is a high probability of its detachment, migration, and also when there is a risk of cell necrosis. In this case, the operation is called thromblectectomy.

Surgical intervention, usually, is carried out through a small incision (up to 1 cm), which is to include this event as a minor trauma. Innovative techniques allow the surgeon to follow the progress of the operation on a special monitor, the sensor from which passes along with the instrument to the place of work. The patient undergoes a procedure under the influence of spinal anesthesia. After the operation, the patient spends from two to five days in the hospital.

There are several types of surgery:

• If the patient has contraindications to the use of anticoagulants, he is implanted with a cava filter. It is placed in the affected blood vessel, freely flowing blood. This innovative method allows in the future to prevent the formation of phlebolites and their migration. The disadvantage of this technique is the fact that if the thrombus detaches and closes the filter itself, the blood flow deteriorates sharply. What requires emergency surgery.
• Stitching of the inferior vena cava is performed if it is not possible to implant the filter. And also with multiple thrombi or relapse of the disease. In this case, a "clip" (special clamp) is applied to the affected area of the vessel and stitched. This allows you to partially close the channel, leaving a certain clearance for blood flow. The disadvantage is a worsening of the outflow of blood from the veins of the lower limb.
• Endovascular catheter thrombectomy. This procedure involves cleaning the vessel from flebolitov and returning the vessel to normal blood flow. The essence of the process is the introduction into the narrow section of a flexible tube, through which the thrombus is extracted or grinded. It is prescribed in case of ineffectiveness of therapeutic treatment, presence of oncological pathology and impossibility to install a cava - filter. Lack of procedure - the risk of relapses is great.

After the surgery (any of these), you should wear a compression bandage or stockings. In this case, the first three days are not allowed, in general, to remove them, since there is a high probability of formation of new phlebolites.

Diet with thrombophlebitis of deep veins of lower extremities

Not the last place in the prevention of disease or the fastest recovery of the patient is played by those products that are present on our table. This is especially true when the problem already exists and there is a need to stop it. The diet with thrombophlebitis of the deep veins of the lower extremities is reduced to some recommendations that are given by a specialist in vascular diseases.

Daily in the diet of a person must be at least one of such products as ginger root, melon or watermelon, cinnamon, onion or garlic. These products should preferably be consumed fresh, but do not ignore their processing in a particular dish.

It is advisable if the vast majority of diet products make up vegetable components. More rarely - low-fat varieties of meat and fish. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the daily menu is full and balanced in fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

It is necessary to remove from your diet:

• Fish, products from it, seafood.
• Meat of animals and poultry.
• Bananas.
• Products of the legume family.
• Black currant.

[42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47]

Prevention

Virtually any disease can be prevented, but to achieve this, some effort should be made. Prevention of deep vein thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities is divided into primary, which, in principle, should reduce the risk of this pathology, and secondary - reducing the likelihood of aggravation of the situation or relapse after the disease is diagnosed.

Primary activities:

• Healthy lifestyle.
• Rejection of bad habits.
• Emotional stability. Conflict and stress should be avoided.
• Do not exceed the exerted loads on the legs.
• Avoid hypodynamia. Movement, within reasonable limits, is life.
• If you suspect a pathology, an early call for advice to a doctor.
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• To reconsider the predilections in a delivery.

Secondary:

• According to the doctor's prescription, taking medications that dilute blood.
• Use a tight bandage on the affected area: an elastic bandage or a special stocking.
• Complex of special exercises.
• Visiting balneological resorts or specialized mud baths.

Forecast

Analyzing the statistics and monitoring the development of pathology, it is very difficult to make an unambiguous forecast. If the disease was recognized at the initial stage of development, then timely adequate treatment leads the patient to full recovery.

If the process is started, then, as the same statistics show, approximately every fifth case flows into pulmonary embolism. If you do not conduct an emergency aggressive anticoagulant therapy, 10 to 20% of patients with a diagnosis of PE ends death. If therapy is performed, the risk of mortality is reduced by 5 to 10 times.

In modern society, because of a sedentary lifestyle, nutrition, constant stress, thrombophlebitis of the deep veins of the lower limbs is not uncommon. He delivers many unpleasant moments to his master. At the same time ignoring the problem can negatively affect the work of the whole organism as a whole, leading to serious complications, and, sometimes, death. Therefore, we should not ignore the problem, it must be solved as soon as possible. But self-treatment is unacceptable. Entrust this process to a qualified technician. Only in this case it is possible to count on a positive result.

[48], [49], [50]