Congenital malformations of the eyelids

I. Cryptophthalm.

II. Ablefaria:

1. complete absence of eyelids;
2. absence of eyelids in combination with
   • the syndrome of New Laxova (Neu Laxova);
   • ablephary syndrome with macrosomia.

III. Koloboma:

1. isolated;
2. in combination with facial crevices, for example, Goldenhar syndrome, the Treacher-Collins syndrome (Treacher-Collins);
3. with severe deformation, the first stage of rehabilitation is surgical correction.

Two-sided coloboma of the eyelids in a child with Golden's syndrome. Closure of the eye slit on the left

IV. Ankiloblepharon:

1. fusion of the eyelids;
2. narrowing of the eye gap;
3. there are forms inherited by an autosomal dominant type.

V. Filiform fusion of the eyelids:

1. polypous fusion of the upper and lower eyelids, localized in the central regions;
2. there are no concomitant changes in the glottis.

VI. Brahyblepharon:

1. widening of the eye gap;
2. there are forms inherited by an autosomal dominant type;
3. can accompany Down syndrome and cranio-facial dysostosis.

VII. Congenital ectropion:

1. accompanies:
   • blepharophymosis;
   • Down's Syndrome;
   • cranio-facial syndromes;
   • lamellar ichthyosis.
2. recommend the use of ointments, tarsorphia or surgical intervention;
3. A sharp ectropion is called the turn of the century.

VIII. Epiphosphheron:

1. Folds of the skin, running parallel to the edge of the eyelid and causing contact of the eyelashes with the cornea;

1. often occurs in the inhabitants of the East;
2. disappears spontaneously, the need for therapeutic measures arises rarely;
3. with attached keratitis recommend excision of skin folds, which, as a rule, produces a good effect.

Epiblypharon. Incorrect growth of eyelashes is celebrated from birth. Sometimes there is a spontaneous improvement

IX. Entropion:

1. pathology, concomitant microphthalmos;
2. occurs with spasm of the circular muscle;
3. with Larsen syndrome:
   • multiple dislocations of the joints;
   • developmental defects, cleft palate;
   • mental retardation;
4. cartilage bend - congenital horizontal deformation of the cartilage of the eyelid.

Congenital entropion (curvature). In addition to the pathology of the eyelids, the child is noted for their soreness on the right eye. The swelling of the eyelids attracts attention. The twist of the upper eyelid of the right eye with the change in the position of the eyelashes. Despite constant irritation of the cornea, organic changes do not occur at this stage. The situation was normalized by suturing the upper eyelid

Carry out tarsorphia, which has a palliative effect, sometimes there is a need for radical surgical intervention.

X. Epicanthus:

1. vertical fold of the skin that extends from the upper or lower eyelid towards the medial angle of the eye gap or from the medial angle of the optic gap in the medial direction;
2. often occurs in the inhabitants of the East;
3. pathognomonic sign for the syndrome of blepharophimosis.

Clinical forms of epicanthus. A) Superciliary, b) palpebral, c) tarsal, d) reverse

XI. Telecanthus:

1. increase the distance between the medial angles of the eye gap of both eyes;
2. if necessary, carry out correction, shortening the ligaments of the medial angle of the eye gap.

Telecanthus and reverse epicanthus

XII. Blepharophimosis (narrowing of the eye gap):

1. reduction of the horizontal distance between the eyelids;
2. syndrome of blepharophimosis:
   • ptosis;
   • telecanthus;
   • blepharophimosis;
   • reverse epicanthus - a pathology with an autosomal dominant type of inheritance, in 50% of cases sporadic (as a rule, newly emerged mutations), the gene responsible for the onset of the disorder is localized at the site 3q22.3-q23.

The disease is often accompanied by strabismus, affected women may suffer from infertility.

Retraction of the eyelids in infancy

1. Physiological.
2. Idiopathic.
3. Ipsilateral pseudo-exophthalmos or contralateral ptosis.
4. Bilateral frustration, with the symptom of the "setting sun" against the background of hydrocephalus.
5. The Marcus Gunn syndrome is a phenomenon of palpebrumandibular syncopeesis.
6. Neonatal Graves disease (Graves).
7. Myasthenia gravis.
8. Paresis of the third pair of cranial nerves with distorted regeneration.
9. Myopathy.
10. Paresis VII pairs of cranial nerves.
11. Fibrosis levatora upper eyelid.
12. Vertical nystagmus, against the backdrop of eyelid pathology.

[1], [2], [3], [4]