Endocrine system

Human energy metabolism

The predominant use of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol has different characteristics in terms of the magnitude of energy metabolism and associated metabolic shifts.

The endocrine system in children

The endocrine system in children has a very complex multi-level structure and multi-circuit regulation with the capabilities of both external control through mechanisms of adaptation to environmental factors and internal homeostasis through negative feedback circuits.

Metabolism in children

Metabolic processes in children and adults consist of assimilation processes - the absorption of substances entering the body from the environment, their transformation into simpler substances suitable for subsequent synthesis, the processes of synthesis of substances themselves, or "blocks" - "parts" for the construction of one's own living matter or energy carriers.

The perithyroid glands

Most healthy people have four parathyroid glands - two upper and two lower, located relatively symmetrically on both sides in more than 80% of cases.

Diffuse neuroendocrine system (APUD system)

The human body contains numerous hormone-producing cells originating from neural crest neuroblasts, ecto- and endoderm. These cells produce neuroamines and oligopeptides that have hormonal and biologically active effects.

Pineal body (epiphysis)

The pineal body (pineal gland, pineal gland of the brain; corpus pineale, s.glandula pinealis, s.epiphisis cerebri) belongs to the epithalamus of the diencephalon and is located in a shallow groove separating the superior colliculi of the roof of the midbrain from each other.

Adrenal gland

The adrenal gland (glandula suprarenalis) is a paired organ located in the retroperitoneal space directly above the upper end of the corresponding kidney. The adrenal gland has the shape of an irregularly shaped cone flattened from front to back.

The endocrine part of the sex glands

The testicle (testis) in men and the ovary (ovarium) in women, in addition to sex cells, produce and secrete sex hormones into the blood, under the influence of which secondary sexual characteristics are formed.

The endocrine part of the pancreas

The pancreas consists of exocrine and endocrine parts. The endocrine part of the pancreas (pars endocrina pancreatis) is represented by groups of epithelial cells that form uniquely shaped pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans; insulae pancreaticae), separated from the exocrine part of the gland by thin connective tissue layers.

Parathyroid glands

The paired superior parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea superior) and inferior parathyroid gland (glandula parathyroidea inferior) are round or ovoid bodies located on the back surface of each of the lobes of the thyroid gland: one gland at the top, the other at the bottom.

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