Abdominal part of the aorta

From the abdominal part of the aorta, the parietal branches extend - to the walls of the trunk and the inner branches, which supply blood to the internal organs located in the abdominal cavity and partly into the pelvic cavity.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Parietal (pristenochnye) branches of the abdominal aorta

1. Lower diaphragmatic artery (a.phrenica inferior) - the first branch of the ventral part of the aorta, a pair, leaves it in the aortic aperture of the diaphragm at or above the celiac trunk. On the way to the diaphragm, the artery gives from 1 to 24 upper adrenal arteries (aa. Suprarenales superiores), going down to the adrenal gland.
2. The lumbar arteries (aa. Lumbales, 4 pairs) depart from the posterior semicircumference of the aorta and are directed to the abdominal muscles, located between the transverse and internal oblique muscles of the abdomen. Each lumbar artery gives the dorsal branch (r. Dorsalis) to the muscles and back skin in the lumbar region. From the dorsal branch spinal branch (r. Spinalis), which penetrates through the intervertebral foramen to the spinal cord and its membranes, departs.

Visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

Unpaired and paired branches stand out. Unpaired branches include the celiac trunk, the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The number of paired branches of the abdominal part of the aorta includes the middle adrenal, renal, and ovarian (ovarian) arteries.

Unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal part of the aorta

The truncus trunk (truncus coeliacus) is a short vessel 1.5-2.0 cm in length, starting from the anterior semicircumference of the aorta at the level of the XII thoracic vertebra. Above the upper edge of the body of the pancreas, the celiac trunk is divided into three arteries: the left gastric, the general hepatic and splenic:

1. the left gastric artery (a. Gastrica sinistra) follows up and to the left, towards the cardiac part of the stomach. Then the artery lies along the small curvature of the stomach (between the leaves of the small omentum), where it is anastomosed with the right gastric artery. The left gastric artery gives the esophageal branches (r. Oesophageales) to the ventral part of the esophagus. Branches that depart from the left gastric artery, on a small curvature of the stomach, run along the anterior and posterior surfaces of the organ and anastomose with branches of arteries following a large curvature;
2. the general hepatic artery (a.hepatica communis) is directed from the celiac trunk to the right and is divided into two arteries: the hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries proper.
   • The hepatic artery (a.hepatica propria) follows the hepatic-duodenum ligament to the liver and gives its right and left branches (r.dexter et sinister) at its gate. From the right branch there is a gall-bladder artery (a. Cystica), going to the gall bladder. A thin right gastric artery (a gastrica dextra) departs from its own hepatic artery , which, on a small curvature of the stomach, anastomoses with the left gastric artery.
   • The gastroduodenal artery (a. Gastroduodenalis) passes behind the pylorus of the stomach and is divided into the right gastro-omentum and upper pancreatic-duodenal arteries.
     • The right gastro-omental artery (a. Gastroomentalis, S. Gastroepiploica dextra) goes to the left along the large curvature of the stomach, anastomoses with the same left artery, giving numerous branches to the stomach and a large epiploon - glandular branches (rr. Omentales, S. Epiploici).
     • The upper posterior and anterior pancreatic-duodenal arteries (aa, pancreaticoduodenals superiores anterior and posterior) give branches to the duodenum-the duodenum branches (rr. Duodenales) and to the pancreas-pancreatic branches (rr.
   • Splenic artery (a. Splenica, s. Lienalis) is the largest of the branches of the celiac trunk. On the upper edge of the body of the pancreas, it goes to the spleen, giving to the bottom of the stomach short gastric arteries (aa. Gastricae breves) and branches to the pancreas - pancreatic branches (r. Pancreatici). Entering the gates of the spleen, the splenic artery branches onto vessels of smaller diameter. At the spleen gate from the splenic artery, the left gastro-omental artery (a gastrectralis sa gastroepiploica sinistra), which extends along the large curvature of the stomach to the right, departs. On its way, the left gastric-glandular artery gives branches to the stomach - gastric branches (rr gastrici) and to the epiploon - glandular branches (rr. Omentales). The end section of the left gastric-glandular artery in the large curvature of the stomach anastomoses with the right gastro-omental artery.

The superior mesenteric artery (a. Mesenterica superior) departs from the abdominal part of the aorta behind the body of the pancreas at the level of the XII thoracic - I lumbar vertebra. Following down between the head of the pancreas and the lower part of the duodenum, this artery enters the root of the small intestine mesentery, where it gives the following branches:

1. the lower pancreatic-duodenal artery (a. Pancreaticoduodenalis inferioris) departs from the superior mesenteric artery 2 cm below its origin and is sent to the head of the pancreas and to the duodenum, where it is anastomosed with the upper pancreatic-duodascapertal arteries (branches of the gastroduodenal artery);
2. jejune arteries (aa. Jejunales) and
3. The ileo -intestinal arteries (aa.ileales) in the number 12-18 extend from the left semicircle of the superior mesenteric artery. They are directed to the loops of the mesenteric part of the small intestine, forming in the mesentery, on the way to the wall of the intestine, arched anastomoses - arcades, which provide a constant inflow of blood to the gut with its peristalsis;
4. the ileocoli -intestinal artery (a. Ileocolica) follows down and to the right to the terminal ileum, to the cecum and to the appendix. On its way, it gives the iliac-intestinal branches (r. Ileales), anterior and posterior cecal arteries (aa., Caecales anterior and posterior), as well as the artery of the appendix (appendicularis) and the colon (rr. Colici) to ascending colon;
5. the right colibacillary artery (a. Colica dextra) starts slightly higher than the previous one (sometimes departs from it), is directed to the right toward the ascending colon, anastomoses in the wall of this intestine with the colonic branch of the ilio-colonic artery and with the branches of the middle colonic artery;
6. the middle colonic artery (a. Colica media) departs from the superior mesenteric artery above the origin of the right colon, is upward to the transverse colon, and supplies the upper and upper divisions of the ascending colon. The right branch of the middle colonic artery is anastomosed with the right colonic artery, and the left branch forms an anastomosis (rhyolane arch) along the colon of the colon with branches of the left colonic artery (from the inferior mesenteric artery).

The inferior mesenteric artery (a. Mesenterica inferior) starts from the left semicircle of the abdominal part of the aorta at level III of the lumbar vertebra, goes behind the peritoneum downward and to the left and gives a series of branches to the sigmoid, descending colon and left side of the transverse colon. From the inferior mesenteric artery a number of branches leave:

1. the left colonic artery (a. Colica sinistra) passes anterior to the left ureter and left ovary (ovarian) artery, divides into a descending and ascending branch, blood supply to the descending colon and the left section of the transverse colon. This artery anastomoses with the branch of the middle colonic artery, forming a long anastomosis along the edge of the large intestine (rhyolane arch);
2. sigmoid-intestinal arteries (aa. Sigmoideae, only 2-3), are paired to the sigmoid colon, initially retroperitoneal, and then in the thickness of the mesentery of this intestine;
3. the superior rectal artery (a rectalis superior) is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery, directed downward and divided into two branches. One of them anastomoses with the branch of the sigmoid artery and supplies blood to the lower sections of the sigmoid colon. The other branch descends into the cavity of the small pelvis (in front of the left common iliac artery), branches into the walls of the ampulla of the rectum, anastomosing with the branches of the middle rectal arteries, the branches of the internal iliac arteries.

Pairwise visceral branches of the abdominal part of the aorta:

1. The middle adrenal artery (a. Suprarenalis media) departs from the aorta at level I of the lumbar vertebra, just below the beginning of the superior mesenteric artery, and is directed to the adrenal ganglion. On its way the artery anastomoses with the upper adrenal arteries (from the lower diaphragm artery) and the lower adrenal artery (from the renal artery).
2. The renal artery (a. Renalis) departs from the aorta at level I-II of the lumbar vertebrae, 1-2 cm below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery, and is lateral to the gates of the kidney. The right renal artery is somewhat longer than the left artery, it passes behind the inferior vena cava. On its way, the renal artery gives the lower adrenal artery (a suprarenalis inferior) and ureteral branches (r. Ureterici) to the ureter. In the kidney parenchyma, the renal artery branches in accordance with the internal structure of the kidney.
3. The ovarian (ovarian) artery (a testicularis, a. Ovarica) is a thin, long vessel that extends from the aorta at an acute angle below the renal artery. Sometimes the right and left arteries move away from the aorta with a common trunk. The testicle artery passes through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord to the testicle, and the ovarian artery in the thickness of the ligament that hangs the ovary reaches the ovary. The ovarian artery lays the ureteral branches (r. Ureterici) and the branches of the epididymis (rr. Epididymites), anastomoses with the cremasteric artery (from the lower epigastric artery) and the artery of the vas deferens (from the umbilical artery). The ovary artery also gives the ureteral branches (r. Ureterici) and the tubal branches (rr. Tubarii), anastomoses with the ovarian branch of the uterine artery.

At the level of the middle of the IV lumbar vertebrae, the abdominal part of the aorta is divided into two common iliac arteries, forming a bifurcation of the aorta (bifurcatio aortae), and continues into a thin vessel - the medial sacralis mediana, which extends down the pelvic surface of the sacrum to the small pelvis .

The branches of the ventral part of the aorta are connected by numerous anastomoses, both with each other, with the branches of the thoracic part of the aorta and the branches of the iliac arteries.