Causes of thrombocytopenia

The causes of thrombocytopenia due to the fact that it is primarily the nature of the disease acquired often lie in allergic reactions that may arise in connection with the use of certain medications. In this case, they speak of thrombocytopenia of allergic origin.

Consequences of taking certain medicines are also able to become the production of specific antibodies to platelets, against which thrombocytopenia develops an autoimmune property.

To the disease thrombocytopenia can result in infection, intoxication of the body, development of thyrotoxicosis. This phenomenon is a symptomatic thrombocytopenia.

The factors of infection, which mainly serve as the main causes of thrombocytopenia, are:

• the presence in the body of the human immunodeficiency virus,
• the development of hepatitis of various types, the progress of the disease with herpes and the appearance of accompanying all sorts of complications.

In addition, thrombocytopenia may occur due to infectious mononucleosis, as negative effects of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases.

There is also a thrombocytopenia of non-infectious origin. It can be a provoked Gaucher disease.

There is also a way of acquiring thrombocytopenia as a transmission of the disease to the child from the mother who has this disease, during which the autoantibodies penetrating the placenta appear in the child's body. This phenomenon is called transimune thrombocytopenia.

A number of physiological features of the life cycle of blood platelets causes the development of thrombocytopenia due to:

• the production of these blood plates by the red bone marrow in insufficient quantity, which leads to thrombocytopenia of the products;
• high intensity of the processes of destruction of platelets - this is called thrombocytopenia destruction;
• due to the fact that platelets are redistributed abnormally, in turn, their reduced concentration in the bloodstream is caused. In this case, this indicates the spread of the redistribution.

The causes of thrombocytopenia, as we can conclude, mainly consist in the appearance in the body of platelet autoantibodies, resulting in a deficiency of blood platelets. And this is a fertile ground for the development of thrombocytopenia of various types.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9],

Causes of thrombocytopenia in adults

Approaching to consider what are the causes of thrombocytopenia in adults, we note that this disease can arise as a result of the influence of two major groups of pathogenic factors. Thrombocytopenia in adults is mostly either an autoimmune property, or it has the character of a disease of an infectious origin.

In the first case, thrombocytopenia arises as a specific autoimmune reaction to the negative processes occurring in the body caused by the appearance of thrombocytopenic purpura or are the cause of the development of Verlhof's disease. A number of infectious infections appearing in the body can provoke an infectious thrombocytopenia. These include, in particular, acute respiratory viral infections, flu, herpes, hepatitis, etc.

In addition, it must be said that there is also idiopathic thrombocytopenia, the causes of which are in many cases completely implicit and their establishment may be associated with certain difficulties. However, the incidence of her cases is significantly lower compared to the first two types of the disease. The risk of developing idiopathic thrombocytopenia is extremely low, especially if there is a sufficiently strong immunity

The causes of thrombocytopenia in adults can be very different and any of these reduced manifestations can appear as its underlying prerequisite. But this disease serves as an unconditional testimony to the fact that there are some pretty serious dysfunctions of the immune system. The immune barrier in its normal healthy state is able to effectively resist various infectious attacks from the outside, and activation of the body's defenses in this case would simply not allow any autoimmune disorders, including that it would prevent the development of thrombocytopenia of the corresponding type.

[10], [11], [12]

Causes of thrombocytopenia in children

The causes of thrombocytopenia in children can be classified into three main groups of pathogenic factors provoking the development of this disease.

Thrombocytopenia in children is caused by the destruction processes to which a large number of platelets is exposed. Thrombocytopenia in children can also arise as a result of their inadequate production. And besides this, there can be cases when the appearance of thrombocytopenia results in the action of a mixed set of pathogenic factors.

Intensification of platelet destruction is basically based on the immunopathological processes of heteroimunic, isomimous and transimune thrombocytopenia in children. To the destruction of a large number of platelets also lead to the presence of the child's vasopathy, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome (regardless of origin), aspiration syndrome and a number of syndromes: ICE, Kazabaha-Merritt syndrome of systemic inflammatory response.

Thrombocytopathy affects the platelet in the most pernicious way. They are destroyed from the thrombocytopathy of the primary, hereditary - Meia-Hegglin, Schwamman-Daemond, Wiscott-Aldrich, as well as secondary, medicinal origin, in cases of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis, when there are generalized viral infections, etc.

Provoke the destruction of platelets generalized and isolated thromboses as a result of trauma, with a hereditary conditioned deficiency of antithrombin III, protein C, etc., which are anticoagulants if the mother has an antiphospholipid syndrome.

The phenomenon of large-scale trobocyte destruction is also noted with replacement blood transfusions, plasmapheresis, hemosorptions.

Platelets start to be produced in much smaller quantities against the background of certain diseases. They include the syndrome of TAR or megakaryocytic hypoplasia, the presence of anemia of aplastic type, congenital leukemia and neuroblastoma. This also includes trisomy on the 9th, 13th, 18th and 21st pairs of chromosomes.

Disruption of the production of platelets occurs due to the fact that during medical treatment of the mother with thiazides, tolbutamide, etc., thrombocytopoiesis occurs with reduced intensity.

An important factor in reducing the number of platelets is the extremely low body weight of the newborn, if he has severe hemolytic disease in the antenatal period, thrombocytopoietin is not sufficiently synthesized, etc.

Thrombocytopenia in children with mixed pathogenesis results from the presence of polycythemia, when severe asphyxia occurred, as a complication of severe infection, due to blood infection, due to thyrotoxicosis, and the like.

The causes of thrombocytopenia in children, as you can see, can be very diverse, which determines what form the disease will take and what will be the characteristic occurrences of such a disease. The greatest danger in this regard are the newborns. Thrombocytopenia occurs very rarely in them - in one case out of 10 000, however, even death is not excluded.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17]

Causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy

Pregnancy is a time when a great number of changes take place with a woman and almost all of her body is reconstructed. The essence of such changes with respect to the blood is to a great extent that during this period the red blood cells are shortened their life. When a woman carries a child, changes also occur in the volume of circulating blood in her body. This is a phenomenon caused by the need to provide blood supply to the placenta and fetus. In such new changed conditions, there is an increase in the level of platelet consumption, which may not be able to be replenished in the required amount. In some cases, in conjunction with some other adverse factors, it is able to act as a cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy.

The likelihood of the onset and progression of such a disease grows to a considerable extent if all sorts of accompanying aggravating factors attach. These include poor blood coagulability, the presence of viral infections, allergic reactions, if a woman takes medications, cases of late gestosis, nephropathy, the presence of immune and autoimmune disorders, as well as unbalanced nutrition.

The greatest danger during pregnancy is thrombocytopenia immune. One of its negative consequences is the fact that matic-placental insufficiency may arise against it. And this is fraught with a threat to cause the fetus hypoxia and hypotrophy. In addition, due to the greatly reduced content of platelets in the blood, there is a considerable risk of bleeding and even hemorrhage in the brain of the newborn.

The mother's immune and autoimmune diseases can affect the newborn in the form of a disorder in the thrombocytopoiesis. This is accompanied by a decrease in the content of blood cells, resulting in the development of thrombocytopenia in the alloimmune, iranimation, autoimmune, or heteroimune form.

The causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy, therefore, are due primarily to changes in the blood composition of a woman, which is associated with an increased volume of circulating blood because it is necessary to ensure the flow of blood to the placenta and to the fetus. The number of platelets decreases. And on the other hand. The disease can occur due to other existing diseases on the background of weakened immunity.

[18], [19], [20], [21], [22]

Causes of autoimmune thrombocytopenia

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia is the most common and widespread type of this disease. Violation of the immune system, which occurs mainly due to not clearly established and definite causes, leads to the identification of healthy platelets as an alien body. The response to this is the development of antibodies against them, which causes a sharp decrease in their content in the blood. Thus, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, depending on the causes of its causes, can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary or idiopathic it is when the causes of autoimmune thrombocytopenia are not defined. Primary autoimmune thrombocytopenia still has a division into chronic and acute.

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia is secondary if the decrease in platelet levels in the blood belongs to the symptom complex of any other disease. In particular, if such a disease provokes significant violations in the functioning of the immune system.

There are such negative changes when there are malignant lesions of lymph nodes, with lymphoma, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphatic leukemia. Thrombocytopenia of the autoimmune type can occur with herpes, rubella, viral infections, HIV. It is caused by the appearance of autoimmune diseases that develop in various systems and organs of the body. This is a granulomatous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia or Evans-Fisher disease.

The causes of autoimmune thrombocytopenia are that the result of a malfunction in the immune system is the destruction of platelets by antibodies. There is such a failure in the state, both for unidentified reasons, and during the course of some autoimmune diseases. Proceeding from this, the issue of preventing diseases causing a significant weakening of immunity is very topical.

[23], [24], [25], [26], [27]