Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

A dangerous form of dementia is Alzheimer's. Consider the methods of treatment of neurodegenerative pathology, new drugs and preventive techniques.

The disease received its name on behalf of the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who was engaged in neurobiological research and developed methods of treating brain lesions. In 1906, Alois described the disorder, to which people are more exposed after 50 years. To date, the disease has been diagnosed in more than 46 million people in the world and according to scientists' forecasts, this figure will increase 3-5 times in the next 30 years.

The exact cause of the development of pathology is unknown, but there are a number of risk factors that trigger degenerative changes in the brain:

• Elderly age.
• Hereditary predisposition.
• Female sex (women are sick more often than men).
• Genetic mutations.
• Cognitive impairment.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system.
• Craniocerebral injury.
• Severe emotional shocks, depression.
• Low level of education and lack of intellectual activity.
• Diseases of the respiratory system causing oxygen starvation.
• Endocrine pathologies: diabetes, obesity.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• Harmful habits: alcoholism, smoking, abuse of caffeine.
• High blood pressure.

The defeat of the nervous system with loss of memory, speech and thinking functions proceeds with such symptomatology:

• Difficulties with remembering recent events, forgetfulness.
• Depression, anxiety, increased anxiety.
• Indifferent attitude to people around and things.
• Delusional ideas and hallucinations.
• Disruption of orientation in space.
• Inability to recognize loved ones.
• Convulsive seizures.

As progression progresses, pathology leads to the loss of intellectual skills, making the patient unadapted for life in society.

The treatment of Alzheimer's disease is aimed at eliminating the factors contributing to its development. With progressive forms of dementia, complete recovery is impossible. Patients are prescribed symptomatic therapy and various corrective techniques.

Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease

The conducted studies indicate that neurodegenerative pathology is incurable. Drugs in Alzheimer's disease are palliative measures to alleviate the condition of the patient. Drug therapy consists primarily of drugs that increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain, slowing the progression of the disease. Also, patients are prescribed suppressive psychosis and reduce the level of aggression.

Let's consider the basic groups of medicines used at a lesion of nervous system with loss of functions of memory, speech and thinking:

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

Cholinesterase inhibitors

The active component in this pharmacological group is acetylcholine. The substance is responsible for the memorization process. Alzheimer's activity increases cholinesterase activity. This enzyme destroys acetylcholine and causes memory problems. Drugs slow the destruction of acetylcholine, preventing the progression of the disease.

1. Rivastigmine

Inhibitor of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. Promotes cholinergic transmission, slows down the degradation of acetylcholine, which is released from cholinergic neurons with unbroken function. It alleviates the deficiency of cognitive function in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The active ingredient is rivastigmine hydrotartrate.

• Indications for use: symptomatic treatment of dementia, mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
• Directions: Orally, the initial dosage is 1.5 mg twice daily. If the drug is well tolerated, the dosage is doubled. The course of treatment is selected individually for each patient.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the medication, contact allergic dermatitis in the anamnesis.
• Overdose: disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, bradycardia, bronchospasm, involuntary urination and defecation, lacrimation, hypotension, muscle weakness. If a severe overdose should be taken atropine at a dose of 30 mg / kg.
• Adverse reactions: nausea, vomiting, increased excitability, sleep disorders, depressive state, aggression, hallucinations, headaches and dizziness, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, anorexia, excessive sweating, skin allergic reactions, tremor.

Form: solid capsules for oral administration of 1.5 and 3 mg of the active ingredient.

2. Galantamine

A selective, competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with reversible properties and an active component is galantamine. Stimulates nicotinic receptors, increasing the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine. It restores neuromuscular conduction and facilitates conduction of excitation in the synapse. Increases the tone of smooth muscles, enhances the secretion of sweat and digestive glands. Improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease.

• Indications for use: tablets are prescribed for moderate or mild dementia of Alzheimer's type, poliomyelitis, myopathy, progressive muscular dystrophy, neuritis, radiculitis, cerebral palsy. The solution for injections is used for traumatic injuries of the nervous system, spinal cord disease, polyneuritis, idiopathic paresis of the facial nerve, myopathy, diseases of the peripheral nervous system.
• Usage: tablets take 5-10 mg 3-4 times a day after meals, the duration of treatment is 4-5 weeks. The dosage of the injection solution depends on the method of administration and the age of the patient, therefore it is determined by the attending physician.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, epilepsy, atrioventricular blockade, bradycardia, hypertension, hyperkinesia, chronic heart failure, severe renal and hepatic impairment, obstructive pulmonary disease, mechanical intestinal obstruction. The age of patients is up to 9 years, pregnancy and lactation.
• Side effects: changes in blood pressure, orthostatic hypotension, heart failure, edema, supraventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, ischemia, myocardial infarction. Disorders from the gastrointestinal tract, muscle spasms and weakness, febrile state. Tremor, urinary tract infections, inhibition of consciousness, skin allergic reactions.
• Overdose: oppression of consciousness, convulsive attacks, increased severity of adverse reactions, muscle weakness in combination with hypersecretion of the glands of the mucous trachea, bronchospasm. For treatment, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

The drug has two forms of release: tablets for oral use and injection.

3. Neyromidin

Inhibits cholinesterase and blocks the potassium channels of cell membranes. It has anticholinesterase properties, improves the transmission of impulses in the central nervous system and in the brain. Increases the tone of smooth muscles, improves memory and stimulates the central nervous system. Also has a mild sedative effect, eliminates arrhythmia, stimulates the secretion of salivary glands. The drug includes an active ingredient - ipidakrin.

• Indications for use: neuritis, myasthenia gravis, memory disorders of various etiologies, complex treatment of multiple sclerosis, cerebral circulation disorder, polyneuritis, polyneuropathy, bulbar paralysis and paresis, craniocerebral trauma.
• The method of application and dosage is determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient. As a rule, the medicine is taken by 1 / 2-1 tablets 1-3 times a day or parenterally 1 capsule 1-2 times a day. Duration of therapy is 1-2 months.
• Side effects: headaches and dizziness, increased salivation, skin allergic reactions. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchospasm, hypersalivation. When these reactions appear, you must reduce the dosage or stop treatment for 1-2 days. In particularly severe cases, prescription drugs are prescribed.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, bronchial asthma, lesions of the vestibular apparatus, stenocardia, bradycardia, pregnancy and lactation, ulcerous and erosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, patients younger than 14 years.
• Overdose is characterized by the development of the state of the cholinergic crisis. Against this background, bronchospasm appear, increased secretion of glands, uncontrolled defecation and urination, vomiting, bradycardia, lowering blood pressure. Convulsions, increased drowsiness, general weakness, anxiety. As an antidote, it is recommended to take Atropine sulfate.

Product: tablets of 10 pcs. In a blister pack of 5 blisters in a package and ampoules for IM and a pen of 1 ml injection.

4. Exelon

A drug with an active component of rivastigmine. Selectively inhibits butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system. Has a positive effect on violations of cognitive functions, which are caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine.

• Indications for use: Alzheimer's dementia of moderate or mild form, Parkinson's disease.
• How to use: Orally 2 times a day. Capsules are taken with water, and the solution is undiluted. The average initial dose is 1.5 mg twice a day, gradually increasing it to 6 mg. The maximum daily dosage is 12 mg. The duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, weight loss, infectious diseases of the urinary tract, tremor of the extremities, headaches and hallucinations, convulsions, increased drowsiness. Disorders from the gastrointestinal tract, tachycardia, bradycardia, increased blood pressure.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, severe violations of the liver, cardiac conduction, urinary tract obstruction, bronchial asthma, pediatric practice, pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension, fainting, hallucinations. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment. As an antidote, you can use scopolamine.

Form release: capsules of 14, 28, 56 or 112 pieces per package, as well as a solution of 50 ml in a vial.

5. Almere

Selective and reversible blocker of acetylcholinesterase in the brain. Warns the breakdown of acetylcholine, which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system. The composition of each capsule of the drug is - donepezil hydrochloride. Has nootropic, cerebrozodilating, antihypoxic and psychostimulating action.

• Indications for use: elimination of symptoms of mild to moderate dementia, Alzheimer's disease, decreased intensity of cognitive impairment. The drug eliminates involuntary repetitive movements, contributes to the normalization of the patient's behavior, eliminates hallucinations, reduces the degree of indifference and indifference to what is happening around.
• Method of administration: tablets are taken once a day at the same time, preferably at bedtime. The initial dosage is 5 mg per day, but gradually it is increased to 10 mg.
• Side effects: sleep disorders, headaches and dizziness, epileptic seizures, extrapyramidal seizures, a constant feeling of fatigue, a decrease in heart rate. Disturbance of nasal breathing and rhinitis, lack of appetite, dyspeptic disorders, nausea. Skin allergic reactions, muscle cramps, involuntary urination.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the active component of the drug, pregnancy and lactation, children's age of patients.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, increased salivation, lower blood pressure and heart rate, respiratory depression, hyperhidrosis, convulsions, myopathy. Treatment is symptomatic. Anticholinergics from the group of tertiary amines are recommended as antidotes, for example Atropine.

Almer is available in the form of coated tablets and dispersing in the oral cavity.

[7], [8]

Inhibitors of glutamate

Alzheimer's disease occurs with a high accumulation of glutamate, which disrupts the functioning of the cerebral cortex. Medicines based on glutamate inhibitors facilitate the course of the disease, increasing the period during which the patient is able to independently service himself.

1. Akathinol memantine

The composition of the drug includes the active ingredient - memantine hydrochloride. The active component refers to NMDA receptors. It affects the glutamatergic system of metabolism in the cells of the brain. It blocks calcium channels, regulates the transport of ions into the intracellular space and normalizes the membrane potential. Activates the process of transmission of nerve impulses, increases the degree of brain activity and improves cognitive performance. Promotes increased physical activity, normalizes behavioral reactions.

• Indications for use: dementia in the background of Alzheimer's disease, dementia of unspecified genesis, vascular dementia, mixed dementia.
• Method of administration: orally during meals, dosage and treatment are determined individually for each patient. Treatment begins with a minimal dosage, gradually increasing it to the maximum values of 30 mg per day.
• Side effects: increased fatigue, headaches, thromboembolism, drowsiness, hallucinations, arterial hypertension, confusion, pancreatitis, fungal infections. Convulsions, heart failure, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, venous thrombosis, psychotic reactions.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance of the drug components, pregnancy and lactation, pediatric practice, severe renal failure. With caution the drug is prescribed for thyrotoxicosis, epilepsy, myocardial infarction and convulsive syndrome in anamnesis.
• Overdosing is manifested by increased adverse reactions. For treatment use symptomatic therapy, take sorbents, cause artificial vomiting.

Acatinol memantine has a tabletted form of release in a different dosage.

2. Neomidantan

Dopaminergic agent, adamantane derivative. Contains the active ingredient - amantadine hydrochloride 100 mg. Has anticholinergic activity, improves the main symptoms of dementia and Parkinson's disease.

• Indications for use: neurodegenerative pathologies, dementia, Parkinson's disease, symptomatic parkinsonism, influenza A virus.
• Directions for use: by mouth, with meals in the morning. The initial dosage is 100 mg per day, in the future it can be increased to 300 mg per day, divided into several doses.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, disorder and confusion, refractory epilepsy, delirious syndrome, pregnancy and lactation.
• Adverse reactions: acute psychosis, neuromuscular disorders, disorientation in space, blurred vision, motor anxiety, convulsions, visual hallucinations, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, impaired renal function, urinary retention. Overdose has similar symptoms. There is no specific antidote, symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.

Form release: capsules with enteric coating of 10 pcs. In the blister for 5 blisters in the package.

3. Phenytoin

Antiarrhythmic and anticonvulsant. Prevents the passage of sodium ions through the membranes of the inserted neurons of the polysynaptic pathways. Reduces the rhythmic activity of neurons and the process of irradiation of excitation of the ectopic focus.

The drug is used for epileptic and convulsive seizures, ventricular extrasystole. The initial dosage is 100 mg 1-3 times a day. The course of treatment is determined by the attending physician. The drug is contraindicated in renal and hepatic insufficiency, congestive heart failure, cachexia.

Adverse reactions and overdose are manifested by such symptoms: headaches and dizziness, tremor, fever, nausea and diarrhea, skin allergic reactions. Treatment is symptomatic with mandatory dosage adjustment.

4. Lubelose

Sodium channel blocker, benzothiazole compound. Prevents the presynaptic release of glutamate and reduces the level of the neurotransmitter in the extracellular space of the brain. It inhibits glutamate-induced neurotoxicity of nitric oxide. Has a pronounced neuroprotective effect in acute focal ischemia of the brain.

To reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, take 10 mg per day for a week with a further increase in dosage. The course of treatment is individual for each patient. Adverse reactions are manifested by the transient elongation of the QT interval on the ECG. The drug is one of the experimental.

5. Propentofillin

An inhibitor of adenosine transport, activates presynaptic alpha-1 receptors, which are directly linked to sodium and calcium channels. It causes the inhibition of presynaptic ion channels and the release of neurotransmitters. Improves the metabolism of glucose in the area of brain damage.

Medication refers to the experimental in the treatment of dementia. Dosage and duration of treatment are determined by the attending physician, separately for each patient. Side effects are manifested by arterial hypotension and a decrease in myocardial contractility.

Psychotropic drugs

Neurodegenerative pathology occurs with a depressed state and sleep disorders. To eliminate and minimize these symptoms, neuroleptics and tranquilizers are used. The first are struggling with the psychopathic state of the patient, while the latter have a moderate soothing effect.

1. Noophen

Nootropic drug with active ingredient - phenibut 250 mg. Refers to derivatives of GABA and phenylethioamine. It is used as an anti-anaminesitis and antihypoxicant. Has tranquilizer properties, normalizes sleep, reduces fear and anxiety. Improves working capacity and physical activity.

• Indications for use: anxiety-neuropathic conditions, psychopathy, asthenia, neuroses, nervous disorders in children, senile disorders in elderly patients. Assigned before complex diagnostic procedures and operations. Effective in the complex treatment of withdrawal symptoms, Meniere's disease, pathologies of the vestibular apparatus, osteochondrosis, cognitive disorders and memory disorders.
• Usage: as a rule, the therapeutic dose is 250-500 mg two or three times a day. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 750 mg, and for patients older than 60 years, 500 mg.
• Side effects: nausea, drowsiness, weakness.
• Contraindications: allergic reactions to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: nausea, liver failure, drowsiness, hypotension. For treatment, gastric lavage, reception of sorbents and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

The form of release: tablets on 250 mg, on 20 pieces. Packaged.

2. Nozepam 

Medicinal product of central action. Has a calming and sleeping effect. Affects the benzodiazepine receptors, stimulates the sensitivity of GABA receptors, inhibits neuronal activity. The active ingredient is oxazepam. Possesses mildly expressed anticonvulsant and miorelaksiruyuschimi properties.

• Indications for use: neuroses, sleep disorders, increased excitability, vegetative lability, anxiety, anxiety and tension, causeless fear, chronic alcoholism.
• Method of application: treatment is started with a minimum dosage of 10 mg 2-3 times a day. Gradually increase the dose to 30-50 mg per day. The duration of therapy is about 14-28 days. The drug is withdrawn with a gradual decrease in dosage.
• Side effects: general weakness and drowsiness, increased fatigue, anxiety, headaches, muscle weakness, paradoxical reactions. Allergic skin rashes, urination disorders, decreased libido, ataxia. With prolonged use, it is possible to develop drug dependence.
• Contraindications: intolerance of drug components, psychoses, renal or hepatic insufficiency, alcohol intoxication, angle-closure glaucoma, acute respiratory failure, severe depression. Not used in pediatric practice, for pregnant and lactating mothers.
• Overdose: inhibition of the central nervous system, ataxia, hypotension, hypnotic state. Treatment is symptomatic. In case of acute overdose, the antidote Flumazenil is used.

Form release: tablets for oral administration of 10 mg, 50 pcs. Packaged.

3. Cortexin

Polypeptide drug with tissue-specific effect on the cerebral cortex. Reduces the toxic effect of neurotropic substances, increases cognitive ability. It starts reparative processes in the central nervous system.

The composition of the drug includes an active ingredient - cortexin. Has anticonvulsant and cerebroprotective effect, restores the functional capabilities of the CNS after stress factors. Normalizes the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the brain, regulates bioelectrical activity.

• Indications for use: neuroinfections and encephalopathy of various origins, cerebral circulation disorders, craniocerebral trauma, asthenia, epilepsy. Disorders of thinking, memory and decreased ability to learn, cerebral palsy. Delay of psychomotor and speech development.
• Method of administration: intramuscularly. The vial of the drug is dissolved in 1-2 ml of water for injection or 0.9% solution of sodium chloride. The drug is administered at 10 mg per day, the course of treatment is 5-10 days. Dosage for children 5 mg per day.
• Side effects: hypersensitivity reactions. There have been no cases of overdose.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation.

Form release: lyophilized powder to prepare a solution for intramuscular injection of 10 mg in a vial.

4. Phenazepamum

Highly active tranquilizer with pronounced anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and hypnotic action.

• Indications for use: neurotic and neurosis-like conditions, increased irritability, emotional lability. Obsessive phobias, hypochondriacal state, panic attacks. The drug can be used as a sedative and anti-anxiety agent, as well as for the relief of alcohol withdrawal.
• Method of administration: 0.25-0.5 mg orally 2-3 times a day. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 1 mg. The duration of treatment is individual for each patient.
• Side effects: impaired coordination of movements, increased drowsiness, dizziness, muscle weakness.
• Contraindications: marked violations of kidney and liver function, pregnancy and lactation, severe myasthenia gravis.

Form release: tablets of 0.5 and 1 mg in a package of 20 pieces.

5. Medazepam

Tranquilizer of benzodiazepine series. Has a soothing and relaxing effect. Reduces emotional tension, anxiety and fear. It has vegetative stabilizing effect. Potentiates the effect of neurotropic and hypnotic drugs. Has a mild hypno-sedative and muscle relaxant effect.

• Indications for use: neuroses, increased excitability, nervous tension, irritability, migraine, climacteric syndrome, withdrawal syndrome, mental lability.
• How to use: inside before eating. The initial dosage of 5 mg 2-3 times a day, gradually it is increased to 30-40 mg. Duration of treatment is 1-2 months.
• Side effects: increased drowsiness, lethargy in the extremities, dry mouth, itching of the skin. For treatment, correction of the daily dose is indicated.
• Contraindications: acute renal and hepatic insufficiency, pregnancy and lactation, severe form of myasthenia gravis.

Form release: tablets and granules of 10 mg.

Antidepressants

Used to eliminate the state of anxiety and apathy. To increase the effectiveness of antidepressants, patients are provided with a course of psychotherapy, validation therapy, sensory integration and other therapeutic techniques.

1. Befol

Antidepressant, MAO inhibitor. Increases the level of neurotransmitter monoamines in the nervous system. Has anti-reserpine effect, enhances the action of phenamine.

• Indications for use: a depressive state of various etiologies, endogenous depression, manic-depressive psychosis. Various forms of schizophrenia, senile and involutional depression. Depressive state in chronic alcoholism. Hypochondriacal condition.
• Usage: inside after meals, intravenously or intramuscularly. Dosage, as well as the duration of treatment determines the attending physician, individually for each patient.
• Side effects: lowering blood pressure, headaches, a feeling of heaviness in the head, increased irritability and anxiety. To prevent these reactions, it is recommended to combine the drug with neuroleptics or tranquilizers.
• Contraindications: acute inflammatory lesions of the kidneys and liver, intoxication with medicines or narcotics, alcohol withdrawal.

Form release: tablets of 10 and 25 mg, a solution of 0.25% in ampoules of 2 ml.

2. Velafaks

The antidepressant with the active ingredient is venlafaxine. The mechanism of action of the drug is to stimulate the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system.

• Indications for use: treatment and prevention of depressive conditions of various origins.
• Directions for use: by mouth during meals. Dosage and duration of therapy is determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: asthenia, fatigue, sleep disorders, headaches and dizziness, excessive excitability, apathy, muscle spasms. Gastrointestinal disorders, skin allergic reactions, increased bleeding time.
• Contraindications: intolerance of drug components, disruption of kidney and liver, unstable angina, history of myocardial infarction, tachycardia, patients younger than 18 years. Convulsive syndrome, low body weight, closed angle glaucoma.
• Overdose: changes in the ECG of varying severity. For treatment, gastric lavage, stimulation of artificial vomiting, absorption of absorbents are shown.

The form of release: tablets on 14 pieces in a blister on 2-4 blisters in packing.

3. Cipraleks

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Increases the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, has a prolonged antidepressant effect on the receptor sites.

• Indication for use: panic disorder, depressive condition of any etiology and severity.
• Method of administration: Orally once a day for 10 mg, regardless of food intake. A persistent curative effect develops within 2-4 weeks of the initiation of therapy.
• Side effects: nausea and vomiting, violation of appetite and sleep, headaches and dizziness, tremors, motor disorders, hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic attacks, increased irritability. Increased sweating, decreased libido, ejaculation, dermatological reactions. Most often, adverse reactions develop in the 1-2 week of therapy, and then gradually decrease.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, the age of patients under 15, pregnancy and lactation. With special care is prescribed for renal failure, uncontrolled epilepsy, a tendency to bleeding, cirrhosis of the liver, depression with suicidal attempts.
• Overdose: drowsiness, agitation, tremor, convulsions, respiratory failure, vomiting. There is no specific antidote, treatment is symptomatic.

The form of the release: tablets with enteric coating 14, 28 pieces per package.

4. Coaxil

Tricyclic antidepressant with active ingredient - tianeptine sodium 12.5 mg. Increases the reuptake of serotonin by the neurons of the hippocampus and the cortex of the brain. Increases the activity of pyramidal cells, increases the rate of their regeneration.

• Indications for use: a depressive state. The drug improves somatic status with pain in the abdomen, dizziness, muscle pain, rapid heartbeat. Positively affects the treatment of patients with chronic alcohol dependence.
• Dosing: Orally 1 tablet 3 times a day before the main meals. For patients older than 70 years and with renal failure, the daily dosage should not exceed 25 mg.
• Side effects: abdominal pain, decreased appetite, nausea and vomiting, flatulence, constipation, sleep disorders, headaches and dizziness, fainting, a feeling of heat. Overdose has a similar symptomatology. For treatment, gastric lavage, cardiac, kidney and lung function are indicated.
• Contraindications: intolerance of drug components, patients younger than 15 years, pregnancy and lactation.

Product: white coated tablets, 30 pcs. Each. Packaged.

5. Doksepin

Tricyclic antidepressant, a derivative of dibenzoxepine. Contains the active ingredient - doxepine hydrochloride. Has antidepressant, analgesic, moderately antiulcer and antipruritic effect.

• Indications for use: depression, cognitive impairment, anxiety against neuroses, psychosis, chronic alcohol dependence. Neurotic reactions with pronounced autonomic symptoms and sleep disturbances, panic conditions. Premedication before minimally invasive procedures. Complex treatment of peptic ulcer, premenstrual syndrome, chronic pain.
• How to use: inside after eating. The initial daily dosage is 75 mg with a gradual increase to 300 mg divided into several doses. The course of treatment takes 2-3 weeks.
• Side effects: increased intraocular pressure, visual impairment, increased heart rate, arrhythmia, intraventricular blockade, decreased peripheral pressure. Dryness of mucous membranes and skin, intestinal obstruction, stomatitis, urinary retention. Disturbances of consciousness, increased frequency of epileptic seizures.
• Contraindications: intolerance of drug components, myocardial infarction in history, pregnancy and lactation, pediatric practice.
• Overdose: inhibition of consciousness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, increased reflexes, muscle rigidity, epileptic seizures, coma. For treatment shows gastric lavage, intake of adsorbents.

Form release: capsules for oral administration of 10-75 mg, solution for intramuscular injection of 25, 50 mg in ampoules of 2 ml.

In addition to the above drugs, with Alzheimer's disease, drugs that improve cerebral circulation, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, immunostimulants are mandatory.

[9], [10], [11], [12]

Treating Alzheimer's Disease at Home

Features of the treatment of neurodegenerative pathology directly depend on its stage and clinical symptoms. In especially severe cases, inpatient treatment with 24-hour medical supervision is indicated.

The methods of treatment of Alzheimer's disease at home reduce to the alleviation of pathological symptoms and the prevention of its further progression. To support the work of the brain in a normal state, the following methods are recommended:

• Physical activity - regular exercise and gymnastics in the early stages of the disease, positively affect the general state of health and maintain normal muscle tone. Massages and water procedures will be useful.
• Daily walks in the fresh air to maintain a healthy emotional background and good sleep. Stress, depression, chronic fatigue and lack of sleep, contribute to the development of the disease.
• Intellectual loads - it is useful for a patient to play various games on logic, puzzles, solve crosswords and learn new kinds of activity.
• To activate the work of the brain, music lessons, color or aromatherapy, which directly affect the central nervous system receptors, are recommended.
• Psychological help for correction of negative psychological factors, depressive state, apathy.

In addition to the above recommendations, the patient must ensure constant communication with loved ones and proper care.

Treatment of Alzheimer's with folk remedies

To increase the effect of drugs, as well as as an auxiliary treatment method for Alzheimer's disease, folk remedies can be used. This category includes various vegetable decoctions and infusions, a diet.

Folk methods alleviate painful symptoms, improve blood flow and nutrition of the brain, supply the body with vitamins and other useful components. Consider the most popular non-traditional ways to combat dementia:

• Every morning on an empty stomach, drink a glass of strong black tea without sugar. The use of drinks in the composition of which caffeine is contraindicated.
• Grind 5 grams of ginseng root, mix the plant with the same amount of magnolia vine. Thoroughly mix everything and pour 1 liter of boiling water. Cook the remedy for 15-20 minutes over medium heat, cool and take small portions throughout the day.
• Acquire the tincture of the motherwort at the pharmacy. The medicine has a mild sedative effect, normalizes pressure, reduces irritability and improves the quality of night rest. Antidepressant properties are infusions of the herb of St. John's wort and heather.
• Add turmeric. This spice has pronounced antioxidant properties. Reduces the production of lipofuscin, which leads to the death of nerve cells.
• To improve the work of the brain, take 100 g of roots of Caucasian dioscorea. Vegetable raw materials should be crushed, pour a liter of vodka and let it brew in a dark place for 10-14 days. Then the infusion should be filtered and taken 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.
• To maintain the immune system and tone the entire body, we recommend infusions from the grass of Echinacea, Leuzea, Eleutherococcus, Aralia. Vegetable raw materials are poured with boiling water, insist, filtered and taken in small portions throughout the day.

Folk treatment of Alzheimer's dementia can not act as monotherapy. Nontraditional methods should be combined with medical prescriptions and only after the permission of the specialist.

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease by starvation

The main cause of progressive damage to the nervous system with loss of memory, speech and thinking functions is the death of brain cells. Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed in about 7% of people 65-80 years old and in 25% after 80 years. The number of cases increases annually, and the age of patients is getting younger.

To combat neurodegenerative pathology, medicamental treatment, psychological and physiotherapy techniques are used. Particular attention is paid to nutrition. Recent studies have established that the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia is possible with the help of fasting. This technique is based not on a complete refusal to eat, but on reducing its calorie content.

A limited amount of calories slows down neurodegenerative changes in the brain and affects ghrelin, a hormone that regulates eating behavior. Proceeding from this, partial reduction of the diet allows not only to slow the development of pathology, but also to prevent its occurrence.

Alzheimer's Disease

Nutrition is included in the category of risk factors for the development of dementia. A healthy, balanced diet supports the whole body in tone, prevents cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure jumps. While unhealthy foods with high cholesterol, contribute to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke and brain damage.

It has been experimentally proven that people with elevated cholesterol levels of 240 mg / dL are more likely to suffer from neuropathology. American scientists have developed a special diet that reduces the risk of developing dementia by 53-30%. Nutrition is a complex of two diets: for the treatment of hypertension and the Mediterranean.

The Alzheimer's Diet is called MIND and includes products useful for the brain:

• Fresh vegetables, fruits, berries.
• Nuts, whole grains, beans.
• Olive oil.
• Meat of poultry and fish.
• Red wine.

Prohibited products:

• Oil and margarine.
• Cheese.
• Baking and sweets.
• Red meat.
• Fried food.
• Fastfood (fast carbohydrates).

The daily diet should consist of:

• Vegetable salad with greens.
• 1-3 servings of whole grains.
• Meat of poultry or fish.
• Snack with nuts or 1 fruit.
• A glass of wine.

In addition to a balanced diet, care must be taken to ensure proper nutrition. This point is especially relevant for patients with progressive dementia. Since the patient may lose the automatism in the use of cutlery, habitual taste preferences are changed.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17]

Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease in Israel

One of the most effective and popular methods of treatment of many pathologies, including Alzheimer's dementia, are the clinics of Israel. The demand for the passage of therapy in foreign medical institutions is explained by the use of modern technologies, the possibility of participating in testing new experimental techniques, as well as a comprehensive and individual approach.

Treatment consists of several methods, which are divided into certain stages:

1. Medicamentous therapy - is aimed at weakening the existing pathological symptoms, improving the overall condition.
   1. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase - slow down the process of destruction of acetylcholine, improve the functionality of the cholinergic system.
   2. Selegilins are inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, reduce its level, increase the synthesis of dopamine.
   3. Neuroprotectors - most often patients are prescribed Memantine, which normalizes mental activity, corrects motor disorders.
   4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
   5. Vitamins and minerals.
   6. Symptomatic means.
2. Supportive therapy and computer techniques - exercise, diet, recreation, mental activity, stimulation of memory.
3. Electromagnetic therapy - the brain is affected by electromagnetic pulses of varying intensity. This stimulates the work of the organ and allows you to partially restore the memory of the patient.
4. Deep electromagnetic stimulation of the brain is a non-invasive method for treating motor disorders. To influence the brain, a special neurostimulator helmet is used, which is equipped with electrodes. The device gives impulses to certain parts of the brain responsible for motor functions.
5. Treatment with stem cells - this method is especially effective in the early stages of dementia. Cellular therapy allows the restoration of dying brain cells, preventing atrophy of the brain tissue.

The treatment plan is made individually for each patient after undergoing comprehensive comprehensive diagnosis. Alzheimer's disease in Israel is dealt with by such clinics: Assuta, Suraski, Hadassah, Meir, Rambam, Asaf-for-Rofe and others.

Inpatient treatment of Alzheimer's disease

The last stages of Alzheimer's dementia, when the ability to interact with others is lost, to control their movements and behavior are irreversible and practically not amenable to correction.

Pathology is accompanied by such symptoms:

• Complete or partial loss of speech.
• Incontinence of urine and feces.
• Violation of the cyclicity of sleep.
• Uncontrolled attacks of aggression.
• Violation of reflexes: increasing muscular rigidity, weakened swallowing reflex.

The patient ceases to recognize others and even the closest people, and therefore needs round-the-clock monitoring and care. To do this, inpatient treatment is recommended. The advantage of the hospital is that the patient is under medical supervision 24 hours a day. With regard to life expectancy, with severe forms of dementia, it is 1-2 years. If the patient stops moving independently, then the forecast is less than a month.