Muscles attached to the hyoid bone

The muscles that lie above the hyoid bone are the muscles, the sub-lingual muscles (mm. Suprahyoidei), and the muscles lying below the hyoid bone are the sub-lingual muscles (mm.infrahyoidei). Both muscle groups (paired) act on the hyoid bone, which is the support for the muscles involved in important functions: acts of chewing, swallowing, speech, etc. The hyoid bone is held in its position solely by the interaction of muscles that approach it from different directions.

The hypoglossal muscles connect the hyoid bone to the lower jaw, the base of the skull, to the tongue and the pharynx: it is a two-abdominal, tyillo- sublingual, maxillo-hyoid and submental hyoid muscle. The sub-lingual muscles approach the hyoid bone from below, starting on the scapula, sternum and cartilage of the larynx. This group includes the scapular-hyoid, the sternum-sublingual, the sternum-thyroid and the thyroid-lingual muscles.

[1], [2]

Nadalysis muscles

The dorsal muscle (m.digastricus) has a posterior and anterior abdomen, which are interconnected by intermediate tendons. The posterior abdomen (venter posterior) begins on the mastoid bone of the temporal bone, is directed forward and downward, directly adjoining the posterior surface of the dorsal sublingual muscle, where it passes into the intermediate tendon. This tendon perforates the dorsal sublingual muscle and attaches to the body and large horn of the hyoid bone through a dense fascial loop. Leaving this loop, the intermediate tendon of the muscle continues into the anterior abdomen (venter anterior), which extends forward and upward and attaches to the ventricle of the lower jaw. The posterior and anterior abdominal muscles of the dorsal muscles border the lower jaw triangle from below

Function: with the reinforced lower jaw, the posterior abdomen pulls the hyoid bone up, back and to its side. With bilateral contraction, the posterior abdomen of the right and left muscles pulls the bone back and forth. With a strengthened hyoid bone, the lower jaw is lowered by contracting the anterior abdomen of the abdominal muscles.

Innervation: the posterior abdomen is a two-abdominal branch of the facial nerve (VII); the anterior abdomen is the jaw-hyoid nerve (branch of the lower alveolar nerve).

Blood supply: the anterior abdomen - the chin artery, the posterior abdomen - the occipital and posterior ear arteries.

The hypoglossal muscle (m.stylohyoideus) is spindle-shaped, begins on the styloid process of the temporal bone, passes down and forward, is attached to the body of the hyoid bone. Near the place of its attachment to the body of the hyoid bone at the base of the large horn the tendon is split and covers the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone up, back and to its side. When the muscles contract on both sides, the hyoid bone moves back and up.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital and facial arteries.

The maxillofacial muscle (m.mylohyoideus) is broad, flat, starts on the inner surface of the lower jaw, on the maxillary-hyoid line. In the anterior 1/3 of the muscle, the bundles of the right and left halves of it are transverse. These bundles meet one another and join together on the median line, forming a tendon suture. Bunches of the posterior third of the muscle are directed to the hyoid bone and attached to the front surface of her body. Located between the two halves of the lower jaw in front and the hyoid bone from behind, the jaw-hyoid muscle forms the muscular base of the bottom (diaphragm) of the oral cavity. Above, from the oral cavity, to the maxillo-hyoid muscle, lie the sub-hypoglossal muscle and sublingual salivary gland, from below - the submaxillary salivary gland and the anterior abdomen of the digastric muscle.

Function: with the mandible raised (when the jaws are closed), the jaw-hyoid muscle lifts the hyoid bone together with the larynx, with the hyoid bone attached lower the lower jaw (act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: jaw-hyoid nerve (branch of lower alveolar nerve).

Blood supply: chin artery.

The chin-hyoid muscle (m.geniohyoideus) is located on the side of the median line on the upper surface of the maxillofacial muscle. It begins on the chin awn, is attached to the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with a strengthened hyoid bone, lowers the lower jaw, with closed jaws lifts the hyoid bone along with the larynx (act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: sublingual nerve (XII), muscular branches of the cervical plexus (CI-CII).

Blood supply: hyoid and chin arteries.

The muscles of the tongue and pharynx (chin-lingual, sublingual-lingual, silo-tongue, shillopharyngeal muscles) are closely connected to the subluxal muscles in anatomically and functionally.

Sub-lingual muscles

The lobato-hyoid muscle (m.omohyoideus) begins at the upper edge of the scapula in the area of its notch and is attached to the hyoid bone. This muscle has two abdomen - the lower and upper, which are separated by an intermediate tendon. The lower abdomen (venter inferior) begins at the upper edge of the scapula, inside of it, and on the upper transverse ligament. Rising obliquely up and forward, this abdomen crosses from the lateral side and in front the stair muscles and passes into the intermediate tendon (under the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle). This tendon continues into the upper abdomen (venter superior), which is attached to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with a strengthened hyoid bone, the scapular and hyoid muscles of both sides stretch the pre-tracheal (middle) plate of the cervical fascia, thus preventing the compression of the deep veins of the neck. This function of the muscle is especially important in the inspiratory phase, as at this moment the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and the blood flow from the veins of the neck to the large veins of the chest cavity increases. With a strengthened scapula, the scapula and sublingual muscles pull the hyoid bone back and forth. If the muscle contract on one side, the hyoid bone moves down and back to the appropriate side.

Innervation: neck loop (CII-CIII).

Blood supply: the lower thyroid artery and the transverse artery of the neck.

The chest-hyoid muscle (m.sternohyoideus) begins on the back surface of the sternum's ankle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament and the sternal end of the clavicle. The muscle is attached to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone. Between the medial edges of the sternum-hyoid muscles of both sides there is an interval in the form of a triangle tapering upward, within which the superficial and middle (pre-tracheal) lamina of the cervical fascia grow together and form a white line of the neck.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone downwards.

Innervation: neck loop (CI-CIII).

Blood supply: the lower thyroid artery, the transverse artery of the neck.

The chest-thyroid (m.sternothyroideus) begins on the back surface of the handle of the sternum and cartilage of the 1st rib. Attached to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, lies in front of the trachea and thyroid gland, being covered by the lower part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the upper abdomen of the scapula and the sternum-hyoid muscle.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

Innervation: neck loop (CI-CIII).

Blood supply: the lower thyroid artery, the transverse artery of the neck.

The hypothaloidal muscle (m.thyrohyoideus) is, as it were, an extension of the sternum-thyroid muscle towards the hyoid bone. It starts on the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, rises upward and attaches itself to the body and the large horn of the hyoid bone.

Function: brings the hyoid bone to the larynx. With a strengthened hyoid bone, the larynx is pulled upward.

Innervation: neck loop (CI-CIII).

Blood supply: the lower thyroid artery, the transverse artery of the neck.

The sub-lingual muscles pull the hyoid bone, and with it the larynx downwards. The thoracic-thyroid muscle can selectively move the thyroid cartilage (along with the larynx) downward. With the contraction of the hypothyroid muscle, the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage approach each other. In addition, the sub-lingual muscles, contracting, strengthen the hyoid bone, to which the maxillo-hyoid and the chin-sublingual muscles are attached, lowering the lower jaw.