Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma is a type of cancerous lesion of glandular tissue. Let's consider the types of the disease, symptoms, causes, diagnostic methods and treatment methods.

There are several types of cancerous lesions depending on the degree of differentiation. The tumor can be moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated and highly differentiated. Such a division indicates the degree of malignancy of tumor cells.

• Highly differentiated ones consist of slightly changed cells and have a favorable prognosis.
• Moderately differentiated ones occupy an intermediate position.
• Low-differentiated ones are characterized by an aggressive course and high invasiveness.

The neoplasm can have different localization, affecting many organs. Most often, the tumor is found in the rectum, colon and sigmoid colon, lungs, uterus, stomach. No one is immune from this disease, both adults and children are susceptible to the disease.

When studying this type of cancer, it is difficult to determine in which tissues it was initially formed. For example, a dark cell tumor has a high growth rate and an unusual structure. The real causes of oncology are very difficult to establish, but factors that increase the risk of its development are identified. These are an unhealthy lifestyle and poor nutrition, bad habits, stress, environmental problems and, of course, genetic predisposition.

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Causes of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

The causes of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma are quite diverse. There are many predisposing factors that increase the risk of developing a tumor in a particular organ.

• Oncology of the salivary glands - smoking.
• Esophageal tumor – injury to the mucous membrane by hot or rough food.
• Stomach - ulcer disease and its long-term course.
• Prostate gland - hormonal imbalance.
• Uterus – pathologies during menopause.

Most often, the cause of the disease is poor nutrition and exposure to harmful factors. Do not forget about hereditary predisposition and past illnesses. Causes also vary depending on the location of the tumor. For example, the main cause of pancreatic cancer is chronic pancreatitis. And stomach lesions are most often found in patients with atrophic gastritis, chronic ulcers, Menetrier's disease or adenomatous polyps. Past surgeries, frequent consumption of smoked foods (containing a large amount of polycyclic carbohydrates) are also a risk of developing cancer.

Symptoms of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Symptoms of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the tumor and the stage of its development. Lesions of various organs and systems have characteristic and even similar symptoms. Let's consider the main manifestations of the disease when such organs are affected:

• Pancreas – sudden weight loss, heaviness after eating, abdominal pain (upper sections), yellowing of the skin, changes in stool.
• Stomach – nausea, vomiting, flatulence, loose stools, weight loss, heaviness in the stomach, loss of appetite. If the tumor increases, there are unpleasant sensations after eating, changes in eating habits, gastric phlegmon, anemia, peritonitis.
• Intestines – aching pain in the abdomen, general weakness, pain during defecation, blood and mucus in the stool, elevated body temperature, loss of appetite and body weight.
• Nose and pharynx – oncology is similar to hypertrophy of the tonsils, therefore it requires differential diagnostics. Patients suffer from unpleasant sensations in the throat, pain when swallowing, which radiate to the ear. As the tumor grows, the lymph nodes increase, and speech is impaired.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum

Moderately differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma is most common in men, as are other gastrointestinal lesions. The cancer affects the rectal ampulla above the sphincter. If it metastasizes, it affects the prostate, bladder, urethra, uterus, and vagina. In later stages, it spreads to the liver, lungs, and bones.

Symptoms:

• Pain (pulling, aching) and difficulty during defecation.
• Mucus after and before defecation.
• Admixtures of pus and blood in feces.
• Flatulence.
• Long-term constipation and diarrhea.
• Lack of appetite.
• Sudden weight loss.
• Sleep disorder.

At first, irritation of the intestinal walls occurs, which leads to frequent and false urges - tenesmus. Defecation becomes difficult, bloating does not go away, constant nagging pains appear, since the intestines are not completely emptied.

Diagnosis is difficult, since the early stages of the disease are similar to the symptoms of hemorrhoids. It is determined by digital palpation, coprological and histological studies. The prognosis depends entirely on early diagnosis, since in the later stages the disease is difficult to treat.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the uterus

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the uterus is a tumor of endometrial cells, that is, the inner layer of the organ, which spreads deep into the tissue. It is difficult to diagnose the disease, since the first symptoms often appear at late stages. The woman begins to lose weight, atypical foul-smelling discharge and constant pain in the lower abdomen appear. Patients suffer from back and leg aches, sharp pains during intercourse. Oncology often makes itself known during menopause, so women over 50 are most susceptible to this disease. As it progresses, the cancer metastasizes to nearby organs, including bones.

There are not many altered cells in this type of pathology. But their enlargement (lengthening and enlargement of nuclei) is observed. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer and the patient's age. If the tumor does not metastasize and is concentrated in the uterine cavity, the patient undergoes removal of the organ and appendages. If the cancer has affected the muscular layer, regional lymph nodes are also removed to prevent relapses. If other organs are affected by metastases, surgical intervention is not performed. In this case, the patient is prescribed a course of radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. In case of relapses, polychemotherapy is performed.

Moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma

Moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers. Early stages are difficult to diagnose, since at first the disease is almost asymptomatic. Some doctors associate the development of the disease with the presence of a spiral-shaped bacterium (Helicobacter pylori) in the patient's stomach. Cancer can appear against the background of weakened immunity, gastritis, ulcers, or due to improper nutrition. The main feature of adenocarcinoma is that it metastasizes to neighboring organs and regional lymph nodes at early stages.

There are a number of factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. First of all, this is the age of patients from 40-50 years, alcohol abuse and smoking, hereditary predisposition, a diet rich in salt and preservatives, poor ecology.

Symptoms:

• Changes in taste sensations.
• Sudden weight loss and increase in abdominal volume.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Increased weakness.
• Painful sensations in the abdomen and stomach.
• Blood in the stool, flatulence.

Cancerous lesions of the stomach are differentiated by the type of structure of the predominant component. That is, the tumor can be highly, moderately and poorly differentiated. The moderate type is intermediate. The main treatment is surgical removal of the stomach and lymph nodes. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to prevent relapses. If such treatment does not bring positive results, the patient is prescribed supportive symptomatic treatment.

The prognosis for recovery depends on the degree of damage and the stage. So, if the disease was detected at the first stage, the survival rate is 60-80%. At the last stage, the survival rate of patients is no more than 5%. Since the disease is usually detected at late stages, the average life of patients under 50 is up to 10 years, and for older patients - up to 5 years.

Moderately differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma

Moderately differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma often develops against the background of hyperplasia or estrogenic stimulation. The tumor consists of tubular glands lined with pseudostratified or ratified epithelium. Moderate differentiation or histopathologic grade II causes aggregation of glands of wavy or branched form and a decrease in their lumen. Cell nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic. Rarely, the tumor contains cells with lipid-rich cytoplasm.

The prognosis depends on the morphological features of oncology, i.e. the histological grade of the tumor, the depth of invasion, the spread to the lymph nodes, cervix, appendages and positive peritoneal swabs. If cancer develops against the background of hyperplasia, it has a favorable prognosis, since in most cases adenocarcinoma is highly differentiated or moderate. Surgical removal of the affected organ is indicated as a treatment. In case of relapses, patients are prescribed hormone therapy and supportive care.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon is an intermediate stage between cancer of high and low differentiation. The tumor consists of cells with altered structure and an average level of pathogenicity. If differentiation is high, the tumor grows slowly and rarely metastasizes. In this case, cancer responds well to treatment, has a positive prognosis for recovery and rarely recurs. If the cells are poorly differentiated, it is difficult to determine the initial point of development. In this case, surgery can cause metastasis.

Diagnosis is based on the patient's complaints. The doctor conducts a hardware examination, examination and palpation. The symptoms are vague and are often confused with lesions of the large intestine. A rectoscope is used for a more detailed examination. With the help of this device, it is possible to examine the internal organs, recognize questionable neoplasms and take material for biopsy. Another popular method for detecting pathologies is colonoscopy. With its help, it is possible to examine the entire sigmoid colon.

Regardless of the degree and severity of oncology, the main method of treatment is surgery and chemotherapy. Since adenocarcinoma grows slowly, the tumor rarely metastasizes. If the disease is detected at an early stage and there is a possibility of surgical intervention, this gives a high chance of a complete cure.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon is the fourth most common oncological lesion in the body. Cancer develops from epithelial tissues and metastasizes through the lymph, so there are high chances of recovery only in the early stages. But it is almost impossible to detect a neoplasm at the beginning of the pathological process.

There are a number of predisposing factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. These include heredity, advanced age of patients, poor nutrition, nervous stress, work in harmful conditions, prolonged constipation, anal sex and papillomavirus infection. Toxic effects of various chemicals and drugs, chronic fistulas, polyps, colitis and other lesions of the colon can also cause cancer.

The main difficulty of treatment is that the cells differentiate only at the last stages, i.e. they continue to grow in an indefinite form for a long time. This significantly complicates diagnostics and the choice of treatment method. Moderate colon cancer is difficult to treat, since it is not possible to select an effective chemotherapy drug. It is treated with surgery and point irradiation. If the disease is detected at stages 1-2, the survival prognosis is good. At stages 3-4, the affected area is excised and a colostomy is installed.

Moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma

Moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma is common and in most cases affects the antral and pyloric sections. Most often, the disease is caused by long-term consumption of products with a high content of nitrites. In the process of splitting, these substances destroy the mucous membrane, against the background of which a neoplasm is formed. Another important factor in the development of a tumor is hereditary predisposition and the age of patients over 55 years.

Often, the tumor appears in men who have suffered from various gastrointestinal diseases. In the initial stages, patients complain of nausea, sudden weight loss, bowel disorders, flatulence, pain in the epigastric region and digestive system. The appearance of such symptoms indicates a loss of elasticity in the stomach and requires urgent medical care. Secondary symptoms include constant abdominal pain, black stool and vomiting.

Treatment is carried out only surgically. Depending on the stage, the scope of the operation may vary. In the early stages, resection is performed; if the tumor has spread distantly and affected almost the entire organ, then palliative surgery is performed. The main goal of such treatment is to alleviate the patient's condition and provide nutrition. To prevent metastasis, a course of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is carried out.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland

Moderately differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that affects the tissues of the organ and metastasizes throughout the body. In most cases, the tumor occurs in the peripheral zone, but in 15% of cases it affects the central and transitional areas. There is a risk group for developing the disease, which includes men over 60 years old and people with a hereditary predisposition. But poor nutrition, age-related hormonal changes, the presence of the XMRV virus and nutrient imbalance can also provoke tumor growth.

For diagnostics, digital rectal and transrectal examination of the prostate gland are used. Determination of prostate-specific antigen, biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging and osteoscintigraphy are mandatory. Timely detection of the tumor allows for radical therapy, preventing relapses and metastasis. The choice of treatment method depends on the stage and location of the tumor, the patient's age and the presence of concomitant diseases. For these purposes, I use hormonal therapy, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer. This type of tumor accounts for about 40% of lung lesions. The neoplasm is formed from large goblet bronchi and is almost asymptomatic. The first sign of the disease is abundant sputum.

The disease is diagnosed using an X-ray. In 65% of patients, a peripheral round shadow is detected, which indicates the presence of a neoplasm. As a rule, the tumor is located centrally; in rare cases, the pathological process grows into the pleural cavity and chest wall. The patient must take blood tests, sputum analysis, and also undergo a lung biopsy and bronchoscopy. These methods will help determine the extent of the lesion and the stage of cancer. Based on the data obtained, the doctor makes a treatment plan.

If the disease is detected at an early stage, radiosurgery (cyberknife) or surgical intervention are used for treatment. Wedge resection, pneumonectomy or lobectomy are indicated as an operation. If surgery is not possible, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used to suppress the growth of malignant cells. The prognosis for this disease is unfavorable, less than 10% of patients survive for 10 years after diagnosis.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon is very rare. This disease accounts for about 6% of all cases of the disease. Men aged 50-60 years are at risk. Ulcerative colitis, adenoma or diffuse polyposis are considered precancerous conditions. Symptoms and clinical picture in the early stages are blurred. Only with a thorough examination can changes in well-being and decreased ability to work be detected. This type of oncology does not cause sudden weight loss, but on the contrary, patients can gain weight.

Symptoms:

• Loud rumbling in the intestines.
• Frequent cramping pains in the abdominal area.
• Alternating constipation and diarrhea.
• Uneven abdominal distension due to narrowing of the lumen of the colon as the tumor grows.
• Intestinal obstruction and severe bleeding.
• Inflammatory complications in the form of abscess, peritonitis or phlegmon.

External examination and anamnesis are used for diagnostics. However, it is not always possible to detect signs of cancer during examination. Only if the tumor reaches large sizes in very thin patients, it can be palpated manually through the peritoneal wall. X-ray examination is of particular importance. For these purposes, a barium contrast solution is injected into the patient's body. In some cases, the relief of the mucous membrane is examined against the background of air in its lumen. Patients must pass a stool test to detect blood and carcinoembryonic antigens in it. Ultrasound tomography of the liver is performed to exclude the presence of metastases.

Treatment involves a combination of chemotherapy and radical surgical removal. There are several options for surgical intervention. Based on the tests, the patient's condition and the stage of the tumor, the best option is selected. Relapses are very rare, and if they occur, it is due to an incorrectly performed operation. Oncology metastasizes through the lymphatic pathways, affecting a group of nodes along the abdominal aorta. The prognosis directly depends on the stage of cancer; if there are no metastases, the prognosis is favorable.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the cecum

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the cecum is considered the most common tumor lesion of the intestine. The risk group includes people aged 50-60, but in rare cases, cancer appears at a young age. A number of precancerous lesions of the cecum are distinguished: proctosigmoiditis, chronic proctitis, villous and adenomatous polyps. In this case, polyps have the highest risk of transformation into a malignant neoplasm.

Cancer can arise due to irrational nutrition, when the diet lacks plant-based foods and is dominated by carbohydrate and fat-rich foods. Stress, chronic constipation, hereditary predisposition and harmful working conditions are also factors that cause the disease. In some cases, a combination of several factors is possible at the same time.

Symptoms:

• Systematic aching pain.
• Poor appetite and sudden weight loss.
• Fever and weakness.
• Mucus, blood and pus in the stool.
• Alternating diarrhea and constipation.
• Flatulence and pain during defecation.
• Paleness of the skin.

The main method of treatment is surgery. As a rule, laparoscopy is used, which allows the tumor to be removed without opening the cavity. To protect healthy tissue, point injection of chemicals and targeted radiation therapy are used. The prognosis directly depends on the stage at which the disease was detected and how the treatment was carried out.

Moderate adenocarcinoma is a complex disease in its course, which can lead to serious consequences. Overgrown malignant cells can close the lumen of the intestine and cause intestinal obstruction. If the tumor reaches large sizes, it can break through the intestinal wall and cause bleeding. In the late stages, cancer affects nearby organs, forms fistulas and worsens the prognosis for recovery and life.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the pancreas occurs in 90% of cases of cancerous lesions of the organ. The disease is widespread among men aged 50-60 and is characterized by high mortality. The success of recovery depends entirely on early diagnosis.

The disease can develop against the background of diabetes, smoking, long-term exposure of the body to chemical carcinogens. Hereditary predisposition, various genetic mutations, diseases of the biliary system, chronic pancreatitis, drinking coffee and food with a high content of animal fats, increase the risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms:

• Painful sensations in the epigastric region, radiating to the back.
• A sharp decrease in body weight.
• Yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes.
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• General weakness and fever.
• Determination of neoplasm in the abdominal cavity by palpation.

Ultrasound, computed tomography, biopsy, various blood tests, angiography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are used for diagnostics. For treatment, the patient undergoes radical surgery, as well as a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with ulceration

Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with ulceration most often affects the stomach, esophagus and rectum. Such pathologies are rightfully considered complications of malignant neoplasms. Many precancerous diseases contribute to their occurrence. Treatment is complicated, since several courses of chemotherapy or radiation are required before surgery.

If the ulceration affects the rectum, then transabdominal resection is used as therapy. The operation is considered sphincter-preserving, since only the area affected by adenocarcinoma is removed, and the rest of the intestine is connected by a hardware anastomosis. In any case, cancer treatment is a long and patient process. The prognosis depends on timely diagnosis, the chosen treatment method and the patient's age.

Diagnosis of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Diagnostics of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma is an important stage, the effectiveness of which determines further treatment and prognosis for recovery. For early detection of the tumor, the following methods are used:

• Endoscopic methods are colonoscopy, gastroscopy, bronchoscopy. With their help, it is possible to identify a neoplasm that is located in the lumen of an organ. With their help, the stomach, large intestine, bladder, and bronchopulmonary system are examined.
• X-ray examination – reveals various neoplasms, often used with a contrast agent.
• Ultrasound examination is an informative method in identifying and studying various types of neoplasms of internal organs. It is used to identify tumors of soft tissues, abdominal cavity and pelvic organs.
• Biopsy – used to determine the type of tumor and the degree of differentiation of its cells. Allows to confirm the malignancy of the neoplasm. Tumor samples are taken for the study. For these purposes, percutaneous biopsy, laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery) or intraoperative biopsy are used.
• Laboratory diagnostic methods – reveal signs of inflammation, hidden bleeding, metastasis and other pathologies caused by a developing neoplasm.

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Treatment of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Treatment of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma directly depends on its timely detection. As a rule, in the early stages the pathology is asymptomatic. But when the first signs appear, it is necessary to seek medical help and undergo a thorough examination. In most cases, the disease can be detected during medical examinations and routine tests.

Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, age and condition of the patient. In some cases, surgery is enough for a complete recovery. But most often, a full treatment complex is used, that is, chemotherapy and surgery.

Prevention of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

Prevention of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma involves regular medical examinations for timely detection of pathology. Of course, it is impossible to prevent cancer, but it is possible to significantly reduce the risks of its occurrence.

Prevention consists of a healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition. Since most often an unhealthy diet becomes the cause of damage to the digestive organs. Regular physical activity and a minimum of stress help prevent not only malignant tumors, but also help strengthen the body. Do not forget about the treatment of chronic ailments, as they can transform into cancerous lesions. If there is a hereditary predisposition to certain pathologies, then it is necessary to undergo regular preventive examinations.

Prognosis of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma

The prognosis for patients with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer, its location, the patient's overall health, age, and the presence of other diseases. Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in glandular cells and has a moderate structural resemblance to normal glandular tissue in the body.

Important factors influencing the prognosis are:

1. Cancer stage: Cancer can be detected at different stages of development. The earlier it is detected, the greater the chances of successful treatment. The stage of cancer is determined by the size of the tumor, its spread and the presence of metastases.
2. Treatment: Treatment options may include surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and other methods. The effectiveness of treatment and its results can vary greatly.
3. General condition of the patient: The patient's health and physical condition can also affect the prognosis. The best results are achieved in patients with good general condition.
4. Genetic factors: Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing cancer and affect its prognosis.
5. Age: The patient's age can also affect the prognosis. Some older patients may experience complications from treatment and may have additional medical conditions.

The prognosis for each patient is individual and is best discussed with a physician who has access to the patient’s medical history and can make a more accurate assessment of the situation. Early detection of the cancer and appropriate treatment can significantly improve the prognosis for patients with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma.