Endometrial glandular polyp

Nodular neoplasm of glandular cells with the inclusion of atypical elements is a glandular polyp. Very often, such growths appear on the mucous membrane of the uterine cavity. An eruption can be spherical, branchy or mushroom-shaped. It consists of a network of branching glands on the endometrium. In addition to the uterus, such neoplasias are found on the walls of the stomach and intestines.

Glandular polyps belong to acquired pathologies, the risk of which increases with the presence of such factors:

• Endocrine diseases.
• Hormonal disorders.
• Hereditary predisposition
• Inflammatory processes and diseases of the pelvic organs.
• Hormonal dysfunction during menopause.
• Prolonged trauma to the mucous membrane with prolonged use of the intrauterine device.
• Surgery: abortion, curettage, sensing the uterus.
• Immunodeficiency.
• Unstable emotional background, frequent stress.

Local intrauterine growth of tissue can be triggered by hypovitaminosis E and C, lowered immune system, overweight, bowel disease (colitis, Crohn's disease).

According to statistics, about 15% of cases of intrauterine tumors do not cause symptoms. But in most cases, women note these signs:

• Abundant and painful menstruation.
• Delayed menstruation followed by heavy bleeding.
• Intermenstrual bleeding.
• Pulling pains in lower abdomen.
• Purulent discharge from the genitals.
• Secondary anemia.
• Infertility.

If the glandular neoplasm is large, then pains of a cramping character appear. Large growths cause infertility and have a high risk of malignancy. If the size is more than 2 cm, then the risk of its rebirth is 10%. At the same time, education on a broad basis often becomes malignant.

Ultrasound examination, hysteroscopy and histology of complete scraping of the uterine mucosa are performed to diagnose the disease state. Surgical treatment. The operation is performed under local or general anesthesia. The patient is prescribed a course of drug therapy to restore hormonal levels.

Particular attention should be paid to preventive measures. For the early diagnosis of any changes, you should regularly undergo gynecological examinations, promptly treat inflammatory and any other diseases. It is also necessary to take care of strengthening the immune system.

Glandular fibrous endometrial polyp

A small, limited proliferation of the mucous walls of the uterus, consisting of connective tissue elements and glandular structures, is a glandular-fibrous polyp of the endometrium. Its development occurs in the direction of the uterine cavity. In the structure of the growth, body and leg are distinguished. Most often it is localized at the bottom of the uterus, and reaching a large size overlaps the cervical canal. In this case, the tumor has a benign nature.

The main causes of uterine glandular fibrous neoplasia:

• Dysfunction of the ovaries. Failure of the production of sex hormones entails a decrease in the production of progesterone and an increase in the synthesis of estrogen. Because of this, an inflammation center is formed in the endometrium, which is not rejected during menstruation, but on the contrary increases in size.
• Adrenal dysfunction.
• Prolonged use of the intrauterine device.
• Miscarriages and abortions.
• Diseases causing disorders of metabolic processes in the body. The risk of polyposis is increased in women with hypertension, diabetes, obesity.

In most cases, the pathological condition is asymptomatic, which leads to late diagnosis and treatment. But there are a number of signs that allow to suspect polyps in the uterus:

• Disorders of the menstrual cycle.
• Spotting, not associated with menstruation.
• Abundant menstruation.
• Lower abdominal pain after intercourse.
• Increase the volume of normal vaginal discharge.

In the process of diagnosis, the gynecologist asks the patient about the painful symptoms, conducts a visual inspection on the chair, an ultrasound examination of the uterus. Treatment is prompt. Neoplasia is removed by surgical resection with curettage of the mucous membrane of the uterine cavity. The operation is carried out under the control of hysteroscopy.

To reduce the risk of recurrence and possible complications, the tissue removal site is treated with liquid nitrogen. Hormone therapy is performed to restore the menstrual cycle and prevent relapse.

[1], [2], [3], [4]

Endometrial glandular polyp

Another type of endometrial neoplasm is glandular cystic polyps. This growth contains glands of various shapes and lengths, the stroma at the base is more dense, fibrous. The glands are located unevenly with kitose stretched gaps. According to histology, the proliferative glandular epithelium alternates with non-functioning.

Pathological growth of the glandular layer with the simultaneous formation of cysts arises due to such factors:

• Hormonal disorders.
• Endocrine disorders and diseases.
• Inflammatory and infectious processes of internal genital organs.
• Gynecological diseases: polycystic, endometriosis, uterine myoma.
• Adrenal and thyroid dysfunction.
• Hypertension, obesity.
• Genetic predisposition.

Glandular local intrauterine growth may occur unnoticed. But as his tissues grow, these symptoms appear:

• Spotting from the genital tract before or after menstruation.
• Disorders of the menstrual cycle.
• Minor pain in the lower abdomen.
• Dizziness and general weakness.
• Discomfort during intercourse.
• Long unsuccessful attempts to get pregnant.

The presence of one or more of the above symptoms, are the reason for an immediate appeal for medical help. The sooner the diagnosis and treatment is carried out, the lower the risk of developing complications.

Conservative therapy is powerless, therefore surgical intervention is indicated for the treatment. When glandular-cystic hyperplasia is hysteroscopy. An erosion is completely removed and a thorough scraping of the mucosal surface of the organ is performed. To reduce the risk of relapse, the place of the removed tissue is treated with liquid nitrogen. The resulting tissue is sent to the histology. If atypical cells are identified in the analysis, the gynecologist-oncologist will continue to treat the patient.

[5], [6], [7], [8]

Glandular polyp of endometrium of the basal type

According to histology, the uterus consists of several structures:

• The inner layer is the endometrium.
• The middle layer is myometrium.
• External - serous membrane or perimetry.

Each of these structures has substructures. For example, the endometrium consists of a functional and basal layer (adjacent to the myometrium). The thickness of the basal layer of 1-1.5 mm, it consists of connective tissue elements, contains parts of the myometrial glands, blood vessels and nerve endings. At the same time, he is insensitive to hormonal changes and is not rejected during menstruation. The proliferation of its cells restores the normal structure of the endometrium.

But under the influence of certain factors, pronounced changes occur. For example, during hyperestrogenism, the cells of the basal layer regenerate very quickly, which leads to its thickening, that is, hyperplasia. Against this background, glandular polyps of the endometrium of the basal layer are very common. They may be asymptomatic, but as they grow, they cause menstrual irregularities and other painful symptoms.

The treatment of such local intrauterine tumors is surgical. The patient undergoes a hysteroresectoscopy with histological examination of tissues. If atypical cells are present in the growth, the gynecologist-oncologist will continue the treatment.

[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]