Dysfunction of diencephalic, midline, stem and nonspecific brain structures

Dysfunction of the brain is a serious pathology, in which the functional state of the brain is disturbed. Thus there are neuropsychic disorders, headaches. The disease can be congenital or acquired. The cause can be severe birth, complicated pregnancy, poor-quality care for a newborn, various injuries, infections.

The picture of the pathology is usually in general terms seen from childhood, but with age, it can vary significantly. The maximum severity of the pathology is observed by the time when the child needs to go to school. It can have various consequences, ranging from mild mental and behavioral disorders, to severe organic brain lesions with impaired consciousness, circulatory processes, respiration, and consciousness.

To diagnose dysfunction of the brain, you need to undergo a comprehensive examination, which includes examining, interviewing the patient, conducting laboratory and instrumental studies, functional tests. If several diseases have similar features, they must be differentiated. Then, on the basis of the received data, appropriate treatment is prescribed.

Dysfunction of brain structures

Can manifest itself in different ways. The severity of symptoms is determined by the localization of the pathological process, the place where the function is most severely impaired. But nevertheless, there are some similarities in all types of pathology. First of all, dysfunction can be recognized by a very peculiar appearance of the patient. Essential changes are due to bone structures, the child has a pronounced asthenia - a defeat of the muscles of the tongue, in which speech development is disrupted. All this can be accompanied by a malfunction of the muscles, a disorder of normal reflex reactions and the appearance of abnormal ones.

Often there is a violation of diencephalic structures, in which there is a lot of activity, there is pronounced hyperactivity. There is a sharp change of mood, children are very hot-tempered, aggressive. There is anger, rage, arising suddenly, like flashes. Usually such reactions also quickly disappear when attention is switched, but at the time of outbreak the child is often unable to control himself.

There is also social immaturity, which manifests itself in the desire of children to communicate with kids and not communicate with peers, and even more so with adults. Feel themselves in the company of one-year-old or older ones depressed, timid.

The sleep is sharply disturbed. A child can not sleep for a long time during the day, after which he can not wake up in the morning. It is very difficult to wake a child, for a long time does not understand where he is. What is happening around. Night sleep is restless, often wakes up, gets scared. Sometimes he cries out, often talks in a dream. The child himself is usually afraid to sleep, asks that someone sit next to him.

Gradually, there are problems with learning, the child does not learn the school material well. Memory is bad. The child writes illiterately, slowly reading. A characteristic feature is the violation of spatial and temporal orientation. During the research it was found that the majority of such disorders occur against the background of a lack of attention to the child, especially from the parents.

There are two types of brain dysfunction - hypoactive and hyperactive type. If the child is hyperactive, he will behave impulsively, thoughtlessly. Such children are emotional, easily amenable to stimulation, impact. Attention is thus dispersed, the child is practically unable to concentrate attention on one thing, often starts a business and does not bring it to the end, grabs several cases at the same time.

Children with hypoactivity, on the contrary, are slow, inhibited. They often have lethargy, apathy, there is practically no interest. The child is difficult to attract, interest in anything. They often have different speech defects, motor disorders. The child withdraws into himself, avoids communication and companies, and leaves answering questions. She feels comfortable only in solitude, does not trust anyone.

After 15 years, a crisis sets in: these children become aggressive, violent. They tend to be addicted to drugs and alcohol. There is absent-mindedness. However, still, 70% of children need only minor, supportive treatment.

In some cases, there are very unusual manifestations of dysfunction. For example, some children write in the mirror direction, they do not know the sides, they have short-term speech memory. Often dysfunctions are accompanied by vegetative disorders, such as enuresis, increased heart rate, rapid breathing. On the basis of these functional disorders, the pathology worsens further, the dysfunction of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other systems develops, blood circulation is disrupted.

Only a third of children have a favorable prognosis. In other cases, the disease inevitably progresses. A child with dysfunction needs immediate treatment. For this, it is necessary to pass the diagnosis in time, to put the correct diagnosis. Therefore, when the first signs of the disease appear, you need to see a doctor as soon as possible.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Dysfunction of deep brain structures

Excessive stimulation of deep structures, in particular, stem and middle, leads to attacks of epilepsy. Symptoms of speech disorders and autonomic disorders are observed. When the lower sections of the trunks are stimulated, malfunctions in the mind are observed. At the same time, there is a regimen of the day, a violation of the "sleep-wake" cycle. There are intense violations of memory, attention, perception.

If the central parts, especially the gray hillocks and other parts of the hypothalamus are irritated, psychopathological disturbances are observed. Treatment is predominantly etiological, that is, it is aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. Most instrumental methods of research are conducted. Treatment is aimed at overcoming the underlying disease, the attendant symptoms go away after the disease is cured.

Neuropsychological diagnostics was also widely used. It provides an opportunity to diagnose speech pathologies. To eliminate speech disorders use the method of neurocorrection.

[6], [7], [8], [9], [10]

Dysfunction of brain stem structures

Stem structures regulate the activity of the heart, regulate the temperature regime. The trunk is localized between the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. Trauma to this site can occur as a result of head injury, during childbirth and untimely treatment of concussion.

On the behavior of such a trauma is rarely reflected. To suspect a pathology it is possible in the event that the child has facial bones of the skull changing, and also the skeleton is incorrectly formed. All this occurs against the background of asthenia, insufficient speech development. The child incorrectly forms the jaw, pathological reflexes develop. There is increased sweating, sometimes even profuse salivation.

For correct and timely treatment it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor when the first signs of the disease appear. It is also necessary to undergo a preventive examination immediately after the birth of the child. If you receive any brain trauma, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible. Dysfunction can be reversible only with proper treatment. The main treatment is aimed at restoring normal blood flow and providing mobility of brain structures.

[11], [12], [13], [14]

Dysfunction of the lower barbaric structures of the brain

The lower stem structures are normally responsible for the normal provision of basic vital processes. With dysfunction, their primary function is violated, as a result of which muscle tone, breathing, and appetite decrease sharply. If this department is damaged, muscle spasms, convulsions, and even epileptic seizures may occur. Significantly violated speech, develop a variety of autonomic disorders.

There may also be a malfunction in the mind. Quite often there is a violation of orientation in time. A person can not distinguish between day and night, the attention, memory is significantly impaired. In some cases, memory may be partially or completely lost.

Treatment is etiologic, that is, it is aimed at eliminating the cause of pathology. Therefore, in order to choose the right treatment, you must first conduct a thorough diagnosis, determine the exact cause. Only after this, you can proceed to appropriate treatment, otherwise it will be ineffective. Treatment can be conservative or surgical. At the heart of conservative treatment is medical therapy, physiotherapy, less often used alternative and homeopathic remedies. Surgical intervention is used when conservative methods are ineffective.

Dysfunction of upper cerebral structures of the brain

The most dangerous condition, as there is a disruption of the activity and function of the cranial nerves, their nuclei. Often the violation of these structures leads to the development of dysphonia (weakness of the voice), dysarthria (speech disorders, in which speech becomes illegible and unclear). The consequence of these two processes is the development of dysphagia, in which the swallowing process is disturbed.

Violation of the upper striated structures leads to paralysis and defeat of the cranial nerves. Treatment is etiologic, that is, it is aimed at eliminating the causes of pathology. To do this, you need to clearly identify the cause, as a result of which the function was violated. For this, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics are carried out, differential diagnostics may be required. Often, a specific neuropsychological diagnosis is used to determine speech disorders. Sometimes a CT scan is required. It is used to determine the damage that occurs as a result of an injury. It is also advisable to conduct an electroencephalogram, at which the electric impulses of the brain are recorded. In order to eliminate violations, various methods are used, including medication, psychological, and the method of neurocorrection.

[15], [16], [17], [18]

Dysfunction of midline brain structures

The medial structures of the brain are responsible for the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system, for normal sleep and human emotions. The disruption of the function of the median structures often results from injuries sustained during childbirth. Also, the reason may be a normal craniocerebral injury, received by impact, fall, as a result of an accident.

The dysfunction of the brain is indicated by the appearance of thalamic disorders and neuroendocrine symptoms. In particular, the sensitivity of the body and its individual areas decreases sharply, the threshold of pain sensitivity decreases. Strong thalamic pain can develop. There is an intentional tremor, non-standard contractures, unnatural crying and laughter. Sexual maturation occurs too soon. Neuroendocrine symptoms, such as hyperthermia, hypotension, hypertension, also appear.

[19], [20], [21], [22]

Dysfunction of brain diencephalic structures

The defeat of the intermediate brain or diencephalic structures can contribute to the disturbance of metabolism, the disturbance of normal sleep, the "sleep-wake" cycle. In order to make the correct diagnosis, you may need to consult an osteopath. The main treatment should be aimed at normalizing blood circulation and restoring the normal mobility of brain structures. For the normalization of the condition, craniosacral hand techniques are used, which make it possible not only to minimize disturbances, but also to restore the function of the brain.

[23], [24], [25], [26], [27],

Dysfunction of mesodiencephalic structures of the brain

Characterize one of the main forms of neurological disorders. It is observed mainly in women. The number of cases is about 30% of the population. With increased workload, increased work capacity, mental overstrain, the number of cases increases dramatically.

At the same time, a sharp decrease in sensitivity develops. There are thalamic pains, the pain threshold decreases, and acute thalamic pain, tremor develops gradually. Man is characterized by sharp mood swings, hysteria, increased excitability. There are many hormonal disorders. Their nature, severity and localization are determined by the lesion focus.

Treatment is carried out at different stages, mainly medication. Preference is given to symptomatic treatment, in which the main therapeutic effect is directed to the elimination of symptoms, stabilization.

In order to properly assign treatment, you need to establish an accurate diagnosis. To do this, determine the stage, localization and form of dysfunction. Help in this, such methods as computer or magnetic resonance therapy.

[28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33]

Dysfunction of the midbrain

The main signs of dysfunction is a decrease in sensitivity. Predominantly violated the sensitivity of the trunk, face, develops tremor and non-standard mental reactions. There may be violent reactions, unnatural postures, violation of posture.

Sexual maturation occurs quickly, various endocrine disorders develop, which depend on the site of the lesion. This can be hyperthermia, hypothermia, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure. The middle brain plays an important role in regulating the autonomic functions of the body, the emotional state. It also controls certain vital processes, the entire autonomic nervous system.

Dysfunction occurs as a result of injuries, brain damage, birth trauma. Diagnose mainly with EEG.

[34], [35], [36], [37]

Dysfunction of the subcortical stem structures of the brain

The trunk and subcortical structures are responsible for palpitations, regulation of the temperature regime, and other vital functions. This zone is located mainly between the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. The causes of violations of the trunk can be many. But the main is a craniocerebral injury, injuries received during childbirth.

Often this pathology develops not only inside, but also has external manifestations. So, the child has a lot to change the facial bones of the skull, the skeleton can be incorrectly formed.

Treatment can be effective if it is started in a timely manner. So, if you suspect a dysfunction or trauma, the child should be shown to the doctor as soon as possible. Usually, with proper treatment, the blood flow is restored quickly enough, the mobility of the structures can be restored in the shortest possible time.

[38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43]

Irritative dysfunction of the diencephalic subcortical structures of the brain

Irrigation refers to the irritation of various parts of the brain. The signs of pathology can be different and depend on which part of the brain is being irritated. Such irritation is not considered as an independent disease, but is a symptom of a particular disease that needs to be diagnosed.

Often, such irrigation is a consequence of the development of the tumor process. Irritation can cause both benign and malignant tumors. Eliminate irrational violations only if the underlying disease is cured. This determines the importance of correct and timely diagnosis.

The main methods of diagnosis are computer and magnetic resonance imaging, angiography. Various laboratory and instrumental methods of investigation are also used.

The main site for the localization of irrational lesions is the subcortex and the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

Dysfunction of regulatory systems of the brain

In the ICD, such a diagnosis does not exist, so further clarification is required. Regulatory systems are many, the pathologies of these systems are not less. An additional study is required to determine the exact diagnosis. This category includes many pathologies, in particular, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease and others.

Symptoms depend on which system and which area is damaged. For example, if the posterior section is damaged, seizures appear that are accompanied by hyperkinesis. Similar sensations cover other parts of the body.

If the adverse body is damaged, convulsions occur. They start on one side of the body, go around the whole body, there is a loss of consciousness.

When the operculative zone is damaged, constant uncontrolled swallowing movements develop. Damage to the central gyrus leads to the development of an attack of epilepsy. In the first place, facial muscles suffer, hallucinations appear. Damage to the temporal lobe - mainly hallucinations of the olfactory nature, as well as visual failures. If there are no signs of local damage, a diffuse damage to the regulatory structures is diagnosed.

[44], [45], [46], [47]

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic structures of the brain

Hypothalamus is the main element that ensures the regulation of the body's basic structures. He is fully responsible for controlling vegetative, endocrine and trophic disorders in the body. Structurally identify several departments, each of which performs a strictly defined function. The main connection is noted between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. This connection is realized through the endocrine system and reflex arcs. Gradual accumulation of hormones occurs. This process is called neurocinia. Therefore, with any damage, an imbalance develops and the functional state is disrupted. This changes the intensity of capillary blood supply. There may be vascularization, in which blood circulation increases, the permeability of blood vessels significantly increases. This ensures an intensive movement of substances according to the laws of diffusion.

The hypothalamus has close bilateral connections to the cerebral cortex, subcortical and stem structures. Thanks to this site, homeostasis is successfully maintained - the constancy of the external and internal environment. And also the adaptation of the organism to changing conditions is provided. The hypothalamus plays an important role in this. Violation of normal activity of the hypothalamus may be due to bacterial and viral infection, intoxication, craniocerebral trauma. If there is a sudden change in pressure, or the fluid level shifts, the ventricle, the hypothalamic nucleus, can be damaged. Similar injuries develop against the backdrop of cancer.

In addition to anatomical damage, the cause of dysfunction can be and mental disorders, endocrine pathologies, reduced immunity. So, a prolonged mental trauma, a constant impact on the body of stress factors, can lead to a violation of the functions of the hypothalamus. In this case, damage can occur immediately after exposure to negative factors, or after some time after this exposure. Symptomatics is characterized by a high degree of polymorphism. This is due to the variety of functions that are regulated by the whole brain department. There may be increased drowsiness or prolonged insomnia, heart palpitations, shortness of breath. Manifestations can be combined in different ways, which determines the specific nature of clinical manifestations.

Various neuro-endocrine, neurodystrophic disorders develop. The skin, muscles are damaged. Treatment is etiological, aimed at eliminating the cause of pathology. Apply both conservative and radical treatment. So, if the cause was a tumor, it is removed surgically. With a pronounced bacterial infection, antibiotic therapy is used, in case of a viral infection, antiviral therapy is used. Etiological therapy is also aimed at eliminating the consequences of various injuries, repairing damaged areas ..

Pathogenetic - to normalize the tone. Recommended use of antispasmodics, ganglion blockers. Vitaminotherapy, treatment with antidepressants, tranquilizers is used. Positive effects have psychotherapy.

[48], [49], [50]

Dysfunction of cerebral vessels

Violation of the normal functioning of the vessels is indicated by headaches of a pulsating nature. Most often they are associated with pressure drops. People with vascular dysfunction are sensitive to weather conditions, often suffer from migraines and headaches.

In the arterial type of dysfunction, vasospasm develops, which can be easily detected with ultrasound. Over time, spasm may disappear, then reappear. With a venous type of dysfunction, narrowing of the lumen does not occur, since the veins in their composition do not contain smooth muscle components.

If a person has venous congestion, he is concerned about dull pain in the head, neck. Often there are fainting and darkening in the eyes. In the morning, a person feels sluggish, depressed. Soft tissues swell, there is cyanosis, cyanosis of the face.

[51], [52], [53], [54], [55]

Venous dysfunction of the brain

At the heart of pathogenesis is a violation of venous outflow. Many factors can provoke this pathology. Often, the structure and function of the veins occurs after trauma to the head, as well as during labor, in heart failure. Often the cause of development of dysfunction is neoplasm, inflammation, thrombosis of cerebral vessels.

Often, this pathology can be corrected with the help of osteopathic sessions. Timely diagnosis will allow you to quickly diagnose, take the necessary measures and avoid further development of pathology. The main diagnostic method is transcranial ultrasound. The results of the study revealed a spasm of blood vessels. Most often, arteries are subject to spasm.

Venous dysfunction is indicated by the appearance of headaches of a pulsating nature. Particularly intense pain is manifested when meteorological conditions change. Often the headache develops into a stable migraine. Often there are cases of fainting, darkening and clouding in the eyes. Often swollen soft tissue, in particular, eyelids.