Dysfunction of brain structures

Dysfunction of the brain is quite common in modern medical practice. This is not a disease, but a whole complex of pathological and physiologically inadequate reactions of the brain to various environmental factors. The person experiences discomfort.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]

Stages of

There are three stages of pathology. At an easy or a light; mild degree dystrophic to changes is exposed to 20% of a brain. Such a state is completely permissible and manifests itself by various mild neurological reactions that arise in response to stress, which are situational. A person is able to cope with them independently and no special medical intervention is required.

The middle stage is manifested by mild disorders of the nervous activity. Subject to destructive changes from 20 to 50% of brain tissue. At this stage, medical intervention is required.

At a severe stage of brain damage, from 50 to 70% of brain damage is observed. It manifests itself in various neuropsychiatric disorders and disorders. Medical assistance is provided, but any effects have a positive effect only for a short time. Completely cure this condition is impossible.

Pronounced dysfunction of the brain

With severe dysfunction, a person is not capable of purposeful activity, can not concentrate for a long time on the performance of one case, does not bring the cases to the end. Man is absolutely incapable of planning, long-term cooperation, long and in-depth study of any material. There is emotional lability, inadequate behavior, in particular, euphoria, unjustified humor. Fun often gives way to aggression. There are sharp mood swings. Often a person is in a state of apathy, does not show initiative.

With a severe degree of pathological process, a person has many different needs and drives, but all of them are superficial, have no serious goal and awareness. Possible obsessions, ideas, people are not able to adequately perceive the attitude towards themselves, is subject to the influence of conventions, operates purely within certain limits. It is possible to commit antisocial acts, most of them are committed unconsciously, without intentional malicious intent. Often such a man is characterized by unreasonable sexual presentations and perverted desires, gluttony, non-observance of the rules of hygiene.

Cognitive impairments, such as suspicion, persecution mania, concern with a single topic, such as religion, keenness with one idea, which often becomes obtrusive, are switched on and all the consciousness of the person switches over. The speech of such a person is usually unclear, has too many unnecessary associations, is too emotional, wordy, but often devoid of meaning. This also includes altered sexual behavior, lack of sexual desire, or vice versa, excessive sexual desire.

Dysfunction of nonspecific brain structures

The first association that accompanies this concept means the loss of basic reflexes, a violation of the natural, physiologically conditioned functioning of sensitive thin and thick fibers. Quite interesting from the point of view of pathophysiology is the fact that motor disorders predominate, however, the motor fibers remain normal. It is manifested by a change in facial expressions, frequent blinking, constant eye-blink. In severe cases, tremors, convulsions, pathological tendon reflexes, neuropathic lesions, osteomyelitis may develop. Often a person has twitchings in his sleep.

In order to determine the degree of severity of pathology and the localization of lesions of the brain, it is necessary to conduct a complex of laboratory and instrumental studies. The most commonly used electroencephalogram of the brain, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray study. Usually this is enough to make an accurate diagnosis and selection of appropriate treatment.

[8], [9], [10], [11]

Organic dysfunction of the brain

Includes not one symptom, but a grouped complex of diseases, a common sign for which are dystrophic changes. A distinctive feature of this group is that the pathological process can be hidden, and a person may not even guess such a pathology. Many of the symptoms that indicate dysfunction of the brain are very similar to those of normal overwork. In general, it means that there are functional changes in the brain, and it is not able to work fully.

There can be many reasons. Conditionally all of them are divided into congenital and acquired. Congenital include various infectious diseases that have been transferred, effects on the fetus of teratogenic factors, nicotine. The hypoxia of the fetus is negatively affected during prolonged and pathological births. The cause may be the impact of stress factors, a lack of vitamin, inadequate nutrition and any factors that affect the pregnant woman.

Acquired causes are, first of all, bruises, diseases, especially, atherosclerosis, intoxications, the intake of certain medications, the effect of endogenous and exogenous factors. Many concomitant diseases, especially those related to the heart and the vascular system, can contribute to the development of the pathological state of the brain.

Symptoms can be very different. A characteristic feature is that they manifest themselves by any reactions, and by somatic signs. Dysfunction can indicate attacks, fears, most often unreasonable. The person, as a rule, is disturbed by conscious and unconscious processes, associative connections, there is no initiative. The night sleep is disturbed, wrong perception is detected, analysis of visual and auditory images becomes more difficult. But in order to finally diagnose, a comprehensive diagnosis is required: an examination and a survey are conducted, additional methods are prescribed, such as an electroencephalogram, a rheoencephalogram, an ultrasound. Usually, the results of the electroencephalogram are sufficient for the diagnosis. But, if necessary, use other methods, they are sufficiently large.

The danger of brain damage is that it is he who coordinates the basic functions of man, controls the work of all organs and systems of the body. If its function is violated, accordingly, all other organs fail. The risk of developing pathologies and diseases is significantly increased, the activity of the immune and endocrine system, blood circulation is disrupted, the probability of tumors and the transformation of existing benign processes into malignant ones is increasing. Numerous complications of already existing diseases develop, there are relapses and exacerbations of chronic diseases.

Against the background of dysfunction, the appearance of a person also changes: the figure changes, muscles lose tone, the skin becomes less smooth and elastic, loses its freshness. A person is not able to withstand high physical exertion, muscle strength and endurance are lost. Accordingly, a person exhibits less motor activity, reduces the body's resistance to infections. This entails a violation in the mental, emotional, behavioral sphere. A person becomes insecure in himself, suspicious, distrustful, during communication he experiences difficulties, discomfort. The aging of the organism is faster.

Especially negatively, organic dysfunction affects children. They have substantially slowed down all areas of development. First of all, the physical and mental formation of the individual suffers. People are not able to fully express their emotions, the system of needs and values is changing, cognitive activity is violated, the ability to express their emotions. The child experiences difficulties in communication, especially with peers, has difficulties in learning, academic achievement, and the assimilation of educational material is markedly reduced. Also the child does a lot of rash acts, not calculating the consequences.

Organic brain damage includes epilepsy, various personality disorders, the effects of lobotomy, delayed mental development, and personal immaturity. But we do not speak about organic lesions in the event that all the listed symptoms are a consequence of accidents, suffered accidents, mental traumas and diseases. In this group, post-comsum and post-encephalic syndrome also does not occur. Separately, and consider some specific personality disorders.

Bone marrow dysfunction

It implies various violations of the functional state of the brain. Most often manifested in the form of aplastic anemia, but there are other types of functional disorders. Often is genetically determined or occurs against a background of autoimmune diseases, a disruption in the production of cytokines. It can be a consequence of severe poisoning with various poisons, chemicals, and also develops against the background of many infectious diseases, liver and kidney dysfunction. It develops as a result of blood transfusion, organ transplantation, chemotherapy and immunosuppressive drugs used after transplantation.

Normally, the bone marrow is responsible for the synthesis of stem structures that later differentiate into different typological structures that perform their strictly defined functions. Mostly they differentiate into erythrocytes, platelets, white blood cells, each of which performs strictly defined functions in the body. But if the normal functional state of the bone marrow is disturbed, this process is disrupted. It is manifested by hypo- or acellularity of the bone marrow, in which anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia develops. Often there is a suppression of erythropoiesis, perhaps even the development of tumors and fibrosis. This entails serious circulatory disorders, severe blood diseases.

In this case, the main pathology is most often characterized as aplastic anemia. In this condition, the bone marrow does not produce a sufficient number of blood cells. Significantly reduced coagulability and other blood properties, protective functions. As a result of reducing the number of leukocytes, there is a violation of immunity, the ability of the organism to resist infections decreases. The body receives an insufficient amount of oxygen. Developing hypoxia, gradually developing hypercapnia. This only aggravates the pathology.

The outlook is unfavorable. Restoration of the bone marrow is extremely rare, but if this happens, develop repeated infections that threaten life, other pathologies. If the bone marrow is not capable of recovery, a transplant is required. Treatment also includes blood transfusion and antibiotics.

With this form of dysfunction, like erythremia, too much erythrocyte in the blood develops. As a result, the blood becomes thicker, which significantly increases the risk of thrombus formation. Accordingly, the probability of occurrence of heart attacks, strokes increases. Sometimes you have to resort to weekly removal of excess blood from blood vessels, which continues until the number of red blood cells in the blood is normalized. Erythemia is the norm only for people living at high altitude, which is due to the need to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the air. In pathology, this condition occurs against the background of chronic pulmonary and cardiac diseases. On the pathology of the bone marrow indicates a red face, eyes, bloodshot, with excessive growth of blood vessels, headache, ringing in the ears, blurred vision.

Another violation of the bone marrow function is myelofibrosis, in which the bone marrow is replaced with scar tissue. In parallel, anemia and bleeding develops, since the red brain does not produce a sufficient number of red blood cells and platelets. This leads to the development of increased fatigue, weakness. The exact cause of the pathology has not been revealed to date. To curb symptoms, blood transfusion and medication are performed.

Myelodysplasia is also considered as a dysfunction of the spinal and bone marrow. This condition can be characterized as insufficient development of the brain, is an innate pathology. Most often observed in elderly people. For treatment, blood transfusion and chemotherapy are used. For patients of a young age, bone marrow transplantation is used.

Another form of brain dysfunction is a clotting disorder that occurs primarily after chemotherapy. This leads to a change in the number of platelets, and they are known to be responsible for the normal clotting of blood and stopping bleeding. During chemotherapy it is important to constantly monitor the quantitative indices of platelets in the blood (its sharp decrease is associated with the development of bleeding). With a critical platelet count, urgent blood transfusion is required.

[12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Dysfunction of medobasal brain structures

Under the mediobasal level, the coordinated activity of the frontal and temporal divisions is implied. The damage to these departments ends with a violation of the main processes. The level of voluntary attention and the ability to concentrate it significantly suffer. In contrast to the inadequacy of arbitrary forms, a pathological disturbance of involuntary attention towards its increase occurs. This imbalance leads to gross disorders of conscious and analytical processes.

[21], [22]

Dysfunction of the temporal lobes of the brain

First of all, temporal pathologies are associated with autism - a disease leading to underdevelopment of speech functions, an insufficient level of thinking. Attacks of aggression are often observed, the person behaves according to primitive types of behavioral reactions that do not meet the requirements of modern society. The level of socialization and the ability to survive in society and in the modern world is at a critically low level. Adaptability and adaptability are also practically absent, the ability to learn is minimal. Prevailing adaptive and imitative nature of thinking and activity. In this zone are located epileptic foci, irritation promotes seizures of various types, which interfere with normal adaptation.

Children with similar disabilities can not attend a general school, they require special conditions and a special approach. For this purpose, a so-called system of inclusive education is being developed. With their dysfunction, the normal functioning of the hearing organ is also disturbed, since this zone is responsible for shaping the needs, emotions, desires of the person. Also this department is responsible for memory, activates the work of the bodies. With acoustic agnosia, a person's ability to identify sounds is disturbed. Man is not able to differentiate voice vibrations, does not distinguish familiar voices from strangers. The regulation of activity is disturbed, and the higher level of nervous activity also changes - a person is not sufficiently aware of the connection, does not perceive many situations. His spatial and temporal relations are disturbed, his hearing is oriented. There are frequent depressions.

[23], [24], [25], [26], [27]

Dysfunction of thalamo cortical connections of the brain

Under thalamo-cortical structures, the relationship between the specific and nonspecific elements of the visual cusp and cortex is implied. At the same time, the opinions of the experts were divided: some believe that these structures are not connected with each other, others trace the close relationship between them. Given the pairwise stimulation, these connections are fairly clearly traced.

First comes a nonspecific irritation, then follows a specific. This is quite clearly traced on the example of skin irritation. According to scientists, receptors of nonspecific fibers are located on dendrites, whereas receptors for specific fibers are located on axons. Axonodendric connections can be traced between them, which significantly alter the excitability of the cortex. The final reaction of the cortex is determined precisely by these connections.

Bilateral destruction of dorsomedial nuclei leads to disruption of cognitive processes, depersonalization of the personality, disturbance of the emotional sphere, orientation in space and time.

With dysfunction of the ventrolateral nuclei and the connections between them, there are clearly pronounced intellectual disturbances. With diagnostic and therapeutic electrostimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus nuclei and the connections between them, there is a slight blurred speech, labile paraphasia, which are observed when repetition of sentences, short stories. A person is not able to name clearly objects that are rarely found.

[28], [29], [30], [31]

Dysfunction of the autonomic formations of the brain

It is a pathological condition in which psychoemotional and sensorimotor reactions develop. There can be several reasons. In the first place, hereditary and innate factors must be considered. For example, the characteristics of the nervous system, a violation of the sensitivity of nerve receptors, the impact of teratogenic factors on the fetus, complicated pregnancy, severe birth. A certain role is played by such factors as damage to the central nervous system. Adverse and neuropsychiatric failures.

Autonomic dysfunction very often develops as a result of pathological births. It is established that the type of reaction is determined by heredity and is transmitted primarily from parents. Of course, one can not deny variability. In the process of life, the type can change, the person adapts. But in general, the framework of variations in variability remains genetically deterministic.

Pathogenesis has not been studied enough. It is known that its basis is a violation of the normal functioning of integrative brain systems. Initially under the influence of various factors there is a disruption of the functional state of the nasegmental vegetative structures. This determines the features of the functioning of the vegetative system, the predominant type of reaction, the features of possible pathologies of the supra-segmental structures. This is mainly reflected in the form of disturbance of metabolic processes, general homeostasis, hemopoietic system, blood circulation, immune and endocrine systems. Violation of innervation of internal organs, vessels, which entails a violation of mediator and hormonal regulation of various biological links. The hypo- or hypersensitivity of peripheral and central receptors develops. The result is the development of psycho-vegetative syndrome, as well as inadequacy.

In order to accurately diagnose, it is necessary to exclude various neuropsychiatric and somatic pathological conditions. Diagnostic measures are based on the evaluation of single and combined criteria. The basis for differential diagnosis is the need to differentiate the signs of similar pathologies.

Important diagnostic information can provide an examination of the fundus, radiographic examination of the skull. Very informative methods are rheoencephalogram, electroencephalography. Determine the features of the tone of the vegetative organs can be done with the help of cardiointervalography.

Treatment is predominantly etiological, that is, it means the primary elimination of the elements that are the cause of the pathology. The elimination of stress factors. To facilitate therapy, an optimal motor regimen is prescribed. To control the emotional state, autogenic training, meditative practices, relaxation exercises are used. Psychotherapeutic classes and trainings are also conducted.

The best sports are qigong, hatha yoga, calanetics, streching. The run helps to avoid hypodynamia. Many useful exercises can be found in various complexes of hatha yoga, qigong gymnastics. It is important to adhere to a certain diet, the regime of the day. It is not recommended to eat high-calorie food. It is necessary to limit the amount of proteins and fats, while not reducing the amount of carbohydrates. Limit the recommended salt, spices, condiments.

Positive effect is provided by massage, in particular, massage of the neck-collar zone, segmental-reflex, massage of the lower extremities. In the presence of somatic pathologies, visceral massage is recommended. A positive result brings reflexology, acupuncture. If necessary, prescribe physiotherapy procedures. The most applicable methods are galvanization, diathermy, ultraviolet methods, electroprocedures, electrophoresis with drugs. The magnetic field is not used because it has a retarding effect.

At home, you can practice dousing and wiping, contrasting compresses. Training sessions are held for self-control. Indication for psychocorrection is any psycho-vegetative syndrome. It can be easily recognized by the following signs: a disturbed state of health, in which there is increased irritability, aggression, depression. There is a violation of the behavior and function of internal organs. Pathological reflexes may appear.

Many experts are inclined to the view that psychotherapy should be carried out even in the absence of signs of psycho-vegetative disturbance, which will allow timely prevention of possible pathology, identify hidden problems and eliminate them. This substantially normalizes the state. More complex methods are autogenic training and catharsis, which should be conducted under the strict supervision of a specialist. These methods contribute to deep relaxation, increase the adaptive capacity of the body, activate internal resources. The main action is due to relaxation of muscles and removal of psychoemotional stress.

Drug therapy is conducted taking into account complaints, clinical picture, severity of the pathological process. Drugs are selected individually. At the initial stages prescribe phytopreparations, homeopathic and alternative drugs, medicinal decoctions, infusions. If necessary, vitamin therapy is provided. Special remedies can be prescribed for the elimination of symptoms. Most often they are aimed at normalizing blood circulation, calming the sympathetic part of the nervous system, exciting parasympathetic, toning muscles. Sedatives can be prescribed.

[32], [33], [34], [35],

Surgery

To surgical treatment resorted only in case of inefficiency of conservative therapy. Dysfunction of the brain itself does not require surgical treatment. The need for it appears only against the background of the concomitant pathologies, the occurrence of complications. For example, anti-aggregative therapy may be required for the violation of platelet activity, hemostasis in general. When a thrombus occurs, an operation is performed to remove it. The operations are performed with an occlusive-stenosing lesion of the cerebral arteries, stroke, and infarction.