Dolihosigma in adults and children

By dolichosigma, a pathology is implied, in which the sigmoid colon and its mesentery acquire abnormal dimensions. Dolihosigma  abruptly lengthens, disrupting the normal functioning of the body. All this is accompanied by constant constipation, flatulence. Against this background, there are severe pains.

Diagnosis is lengthy, including many studies. You need to be prepared for the fact that the confirmation of the diagnosis will require long-term treatment. A special diet is prescribed, which must be observed for life. In the chronic form of the disease, conservative therapy may be ineffective, and then surgical intervention may be required. The main methods of treatment are drug therapy, alternative and homeopathic remedies. Auxiliary methods - physiotherapy exercises, swimming, physiotherapy, massage.

What it is?

The disease is considered as an anomaly of the structure of the sigmoid intestine. The essence of this pathology is to increase and lengthen the intestine. Although the morphology of the gut remains unchanged. Often for the elongated bowel is characterized by a high degree of mobility, leading to a violation of the movement of stool. Often, the pathology is hidden, has an erased clinical picture. Normally, the length of the intestine ranges from 24 to 46 cm. If the length exceeds 46 cm, they speak of dolichosigma, that is, lengthening of the intestine.

Epidemiology

In 80% of children, dolichosigma is a consequence of the cessation of intestinal migration of neurons and disruption of innervation, 10% of innervation is disrupted at the level of the colon, another 10% at the level of splenic flexure. In 15% of people, the disease is diagnosed, but it is asymptomatic and does not disturb patients at all. In 1% of cases the intestine is affected along the entire length. In newborns, the incidence of this pathology is 1 case per 5000 people. Mostly the disease occurs in boys. The ratio of boys and girls is 4: 1. In 7% of people, the disease is burdened by a similar family history. In 3-5% of cases, the disease is associated with various malformations, such as Down's disease.

[1], [2], [3]

Causes of the dolichosigma

Explicit reasons for such anomalies are still unclear. Sometimes children with congenital anomalies were born as a result of exposure to radioactive substances, toxins, various physical and chemical factors during pregnancy. Pathology can develop when a future mother has had an infectious disease, especially if the pathogen showed tropism to the intestinal cells. Taking certain medications during pregnancy can provoke abnormal fetal development.

Obtained dolichosigma is most often manifested after prolonged constipation, fermentation, putrefactive processes in the intestine, after prolonged dysbiosis or prolonged infectious disease, frequent food poisoning. The reason may be a violation of the intestinal motility, which arose as a result of prolonged work in a sitting position, hypodynamia. It can develop against the background of atony of the intestine, which occurs with age and most often occurs in people aged 45 to 50 years. The reason may be the abuse of meat, carbohydrates, as well as long-term stress and constant nervous overexertion.

Many experts are inclined to believe that dolichosigma is a genetically determined disease, but whether it manifests itself or not depends on the person's lifestyle and many other factors.

Theories of origin

There are quite contradictory theories that shed light on the cause and origin of the pathology. But the question is still open. Physicians are arguing a lot about whether to consider this anomaly as a variant of the norm, or as a form of pathology. The fact that the disease can be considered as a variant of the norm is indicated by the fact that approximately 15% of children diagnosed with this disease have no complaints or symptoms. They have absolutely normal stool, excellent state of health. When examined, no concomitant pathologies and inflammations are found, pains of such children are not disturbed.

On the other hand, there is every reason to consider this anomaly as a pathology, as many suffering from this pathology develop structural and functional disorders of the intestine, colon and sigmoid colon. In addition, those 15%, whose anomaly can be considered as a variant of the norm, still fall into the risk group, since with certainty no one can say whether the condition will subsequently be as stable or the pathology may develop in the course of time.

Some experts consider this anomaly as a degenerative process in the intestinal region. Often, dolichosigma is considered as a consequence of violations of the intestine. It develops as a result of spasm, stasis, chronic inflammation and vascular lesions. Eventually, secondary degenerative changes and impaired motor function of the intestine develop.

[4]

Risk factors

The risk group includes children whose mothers were exposed to radiation or harmful physical and chemical factors during pregnancy. Especially if such influences fell on the first trimester.

People with congenital abnormalities of the intestine, even in the absence of complaints and symptoms of any disease fall into a risk group. The risk of developing the disease increases in people who suffer from frequent constipation, intestinal atony, and also those who lead a sedentary lifestyle.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis is based on the congenital or acquired lengthening of the sigmoid colon. In the presence of concomitant pathologies, fibrosis of the intestinal tissue often develops, as a result of which the normal tissue is replaced by a connective tissue. There is swelling and hyperemia. Muscle fibers expand, which leads to profuse impregnation of intestinal walls with tissue fluid.

This leads to a violation of normal contractile activity of the intestine, a decrease in the tone of the intestine. Since the intensity of contractile processes is reduced, feces easily pass through the gut, which leads to the development of constipation. In turn, the constant presence of feces in the intestine leads to a violation of innervation of intestinal cells, stagnation, pain and intoxication.

[5], [6]

Symptoms of the dolichosigma

They show up as the bowel is filled with feces and intoxication of the body. The degree of severity of pathology depends on how pronounced the morphological and functional disorders in the intestine. Also largely determined by the compensatory capabilities of the body, motor and intestinal tone.

The main symptom is prolonged or chronic constipation. If the constipation becomes durable, the reaction to defecation gradually develops, the expansion of the intestine develops, the intestinal tone and contractile activity are lost. Functional disorders are followed by a structural disorder, which already manifests itself in the form of pain, bloating, bloating. Cal changes shape and size, becomes dense, large and has a fetid odor.

Gradually, as the deepening of stagnant phenomena and the development of inflammation, there are recurrent pain in the ileum and near-pustular zone, flatulence, pain during palpation. Pain syndrome is accompanied by spasms, cicatricial alteration of the intestine, inflammation.

The earliest precursor is constipation. If a single constipation can not zemetit, writing off on a digestive disorder, then a prolonged and persistent constipation should become a cause for concern. When the first signs of the disease appear, you should immediately contact a gastroenterologist or proctologist for diagnosis and treatment.

Pain in dolichosigma

Often the disease is accompanied by pain syndrome. Due to dilatation of the sigmoid colon, circulatory disturbances and innervation of the intestine, congestion of stool and stagnant phenomena.

[7]

Pain in the left side

The pain is most often localized in the region of the left side, since it is in this area that the colon is located and the main inflammatory process develops. There may be spasms and attacks of acute pain in combination with spasm.

Pain in the groin

Pain in the groin can appear for various reasons: spasm, violation of innervation, severe intoxication, intestinal expansion, inflammatory and infectious process. Pain can be irradiated in the groin for inflammation and structural damage to the intestine, especially if nerve fibers have been damaged. Cicatricial changes and fibrosis can also be accompanied by pain that pushes into the inguinal zone.

Gravity and swelling

Heaviness can arise as a result of accumulation of feces, the inability to empty the intestine. Bloating is a consequence of accumulation of fecal masses, irritation of intestinal walls with toxins and bacteria.

Stool with dolichosigme

Constipation develops, the duration and severity of which depend on the stage of the disease. Usually defecation occurs every 3-4 days, sometimes even less often. With prolonged constipation, feces acquire a fetid odor, sheep appear. Frequent intake of laxatives is required. Diarrhea is not observed.

Resistant Constipation

Quite often, dolichosigma is accompanied by persistent constipation, in which sheep develops, fetid odor. Emptying irregular, about once every 3-4 days, often after application of laxatives. Over time, constipation becomes chronic, it becomes regular. As the feces accumulate in the gut, it expands, and its sensitivity decreases. In the structural plan - there are additional 2-3 loops. The patient gradually disappears innervation, and the urge to defecate disappears. Fecal incontinence develops. The feces gradually harden and, when passing, can damage the walls of the intestine, as a result of which impurities appear in the feces. The damaged site becomes inflamed, the infectious process develops, the integrity of the mucous membrane is disturbed. Inflammation can be transmitted to other parts of the digestive tract.

Then there is an intense gas formation, there is pain, spasms. With a severe form of the disease, the spasm becomes relatively stable, the pain does not subside.

Diarrhea

If a person has dolichosigma, he suffers from constipation. The appearance of diarrhea can indicate the presence of concomitant pathology of the digestive tract, as well as the attachment of infection, or food poisoning.

[8]

Dolihosigma without constipation

Constipation is not observed in only 15% of children who are diagnosed. In all other cases, dolichosigma is always accompanied by constipation.

Nausea

Nausea can indicate an intoxication of the body. Most often develops if the person has not emptied for a long time, more than 3-4 days. It can also vomit with prolonged chronic constipation, in which stool masses accumulate in the gut, it is never completely cleansed. As a result, toxins accumulate, fermentation and putrefaction develop.

Dolihosigma in adults

The first and main beacon testifying to the development of pathology is constipation. Begin with rare and short. Occur approximately once in 2-3 months, duration - 2-3 days. Gradually constipation occurs more often, become regular, duration can increase up to 4-5 days. This already leads to intoxication of the body, since stool masses accumulate in the body.

A person without enema can not emptied. Frequent use of them causes the extinction of reflexes and the urge to defecate. With prolonged constipation as a result of intoxication, nausea and vomiting develop. When palpation in the area of the sigmoid colon, one can feel the compaction, a firm mound. With excessive accumulation of fecal matter, their spontaneous release may occur, which is called incontinence.

The disease develops in three stages. At the first stage, it is possible to normalize the activity of the intestine, following a diet, and taking laxatives.

At the second stage there is a regular constipation and signs of intoxication. Laxatives do not help, cleansing enemas are required.

In the third stage, intoxication is increasing. It becomes generalized, extends to the entire body. The inflammation of the digestive tract develops. There are constant pains, spasms, appetite decreases. Headaches develop. Effective only siphon enemas.

In most cases, enough conservative treatment. It is necessary to apply a strict diet, apply laxatives, refer to alternative medicine and homeopathy. Physiotherapy, physiotherapy exercises can be used. If there is no result, surgical intervention is required.

Dolihosigma in Pregnancy

If dolichosigma is found in a pregnant woman, symptomatic treatment aimed at eliminating constipation is used. First of all, special food is prescribed, which must be adhered to throughout pregnancy. In this situation, you must not allow the transition of constipation into a chronic form, as this can be dangerous for both the mother and the fetus. With constipation in the body accumulate toxins, gases, rotting and fermentation. All this is accompanied by a disturbance of normal microflora, an increase in the bacterial load on the body. Toxins, bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, causing poisoning.

Pregnancy can be the factor that provokes the development of dolichosigma. At this time, the body is rebuilt, hormonal failures occur, progesterone is produced, which reduces the tone of smooth muscles and contractile muscle activity. The same applies to the muscles of the intestine, rectum. This significantly slows the progress of fecal matter through the intestine. In later terms, the development of progesterone and other similar changes disappear, but the problem does not go away. Uterus significantly increases in size and provides compression of the rectum and sigmoid colon, which also leads to a decrease in motility. Formation of stagnant phenomena contributes to a decrease in peristalsis, which occurs as a result of a decrease in the amount of motilin, a hormone that stimulates motility and peristalsis.

The danger is a prolonged stool delay, which causes toxins and slags to form. They increase toxicosis in man. Prolonged constipation on this background provokes inflammation of the large intestine, hemorrhoids and anal fissures. All this leads to a change in microflora, the development of bacterial infection.

The main method of treatment is diet. First, doctors recommend themselves to get rid of stools without resorting to the use of herbs, medicines and enemas. This will help appropriate nutrition. In food, you need to include a large number of products that have a laxative effect. It is also useful on an empty stomach to drink a glass of clean water. Only in case of inefficiency can resort to medicines. Any remedy can be taken only after a preliminary consultation with a doctor.

Dolihosigma in children

Often the cause of the development of this pathology in a child is an inborn change in the intestine. In most cases, this pathology does not require surgical intervention. But such a child requires special attention to himself. Long-term treatment may be required. Parents should monitor the child's diet, foods that have a laxative effect should be included in the food. When you have pain, you need to massage your abdomen. Especially useful is visceral massage of the abdomen, during which internal organs are examined through the outer wall.

The essence of the pathology is that when the lengthening increases its mobility, as a result of which there is an obstacle to the movement of secretions through the intestine. With chronic constipation, several additional loops may form, enlarge, bend. This leads in addition to the formation of gases and swelling.

The appearance of constipation in a child, even once, requires special attention. Because the gut of the baby is flexible enough to stretch easily. Stretching leads to a decrease in the tone and motor activity of the intestine, the disappearance of the urge to defecate and worsen intestinal innervation. As a result, the situation is only aggravated, constipation becomes chronic. It is repeated with greater intensity and pain. Reflex is reduced, desires for evacuation occur only if the intestine is completely filled.

Treatment is reduced to proper nutrition, the use of a large amount of fluid. It is important not to allow densities of the stool. They must remain soft. In the diet should be included dishes with a high content of pectin, which stimulates the work of the intestines. It is necessary to include in the diet as many fresh fruits and vegetables as possible, as well as various cereals, soups, and mashed potatoes. If there is a need for laxatives, then it is better to resort to vegetable oils. If the bowel movement was not 2 days, you need to put an enema. The danger of constipation consists in the accumulation of fecal masses in the intestine, when decay occurs decomposition and decay. Gradually, toxins are absorbed from the intestines, which leads to poisoning. The microflora is changing, digestion of vitamins and minerals is disrupted, digestion is completely disturbed.

Dolihosigma in infants

With it, the sigmoid colon extends substantially, resulting in the development of constipation. The gut acquires several additional loops. The disease is accompanied by pain, spasm. Often is a congenital anomaly. The reasons for the appearance are not fully understood. Newborns have constipation. Usually the first signs appear after the introduction of complementary foods. First, constipation occurs rarely. Alternate with normal emptying of the intestine. After the first year of life, constipation manifests more often.

In case of constipation, a newborn should be examined. To do this, a blood test is performed to analyze the feces for occult blood, coprogram and feces for the detection of worms. Additionally, instrumental studies such as ultrasound, intestinal x-rays are prescribed.

The condition is dangerous because it can lead to a strong intoxication of the body, the formation of fecal stones, intestinal obstruction, as well as various disorders of blood and metabolism. Usually the appearance of constipation in a newborn indicates the lack of a toilet for several days. The baby cries, presses the legs to the stomach. This means that you need to see a doctor immediately. The child needs to optimize nutrition, make up a regimen, do constant abdominal massage and actively passive gymnastics. To laxatives and enemas resorted only in extreme cases, with the long absence of a toilet. Usually there is enough conservative treatment, the need for surgical intervention methods arises rarely. Usually, surgery is performed only when there are kinks and loops in the intestine, when the excrement is impossible for physiological reasons.

Since the causes of the disease are not known to the end, preventive measures have not been developed. In general, prevention can only be reduced to preventing the development of constipation. It is necessary to use a large amount of water, adhere to dietary nutrition and use only those products that are prescribed by the doctor. The child needs a regular stomach massage.

Stages

Only three stages of the development of the disease, which manifest themselves in different ways. They depend on the severity and degree of injury to the body.

The first is compensation, characterized by periodic constipation. Duration up to 3 days. Emptying can be achieved through the use of a laxative. The state of health in general remains normal.

At the stage of subcompensation, regular constipation is observed. The disease passes with painful spasm, flatulence. Often it is necessary to put laxative enemas.

The last is the stage of decompensation. On it, the duration of constipation is 5-7 days, there are constant pain in the abdomen. The large intestine swells, increases in size. There is a congestion of stool and gases. Against the background of general intoxication of the body, weakness, lack of appetite, and increased fatigue develop. The temperature may rise. Appear rash on the skin of a purulent-inflammatory nature. Later, intestinal obstruction develops. Only siphon enemas can help.

Moderate dolichosigma

If it is of a moderate nature, it manifests itself in the form of regular constipation, which can be eliminated by drugs and staging of enemas. At the same time, intoxication with caloric masses does not develop, or is not clearly expressed.

[9]

Forms

There are several types of dolichosigma: acute and chronic. When the acute form develops a prolonged constipation, which lasts 3-5 days. It is possible to intoxication of the body, the development of concomitant pathologies. With chronic dolichosigma constipation becomes a constant problem. There are severe pains, intoxication.

Depending on the etiological factor that underlies the pathology, the congenital and acquired form is distinguished. Congenital is caused genetically or develops in utero. With the acquired form, pathology develops as a result of the influence of various external and internal factors on the body.

Depending on the clinical picture of the pathology, the asymptomatic form is distinguished, dolichosigma with a violation of food transit and a complicated form, at which the transgular intestinal obstruction develops.

Depending on the number of additional loops, two-looped and multi-loop forms are distinguished.

Depending on the stage is divided into three types: compensation anomaly, subcompensation and decompensation.

Dolichosigma of the large intestine

With this form of pathology, lengthening of the intestine takes place throughout its course, including in the thick section. There is an expansion and thickening of the walls. Usually the cause of such a stretching of the colon is a genetic malfunction, as well as an intense inflammatory and infectious process. To provoke a pathology can long reception of some medical products, for example, hormonal agents.

Often, in order for pathology to develop, you need to have a genetic predisposition. In the presence of such a predisposition, the situation can be aggravated by stress, hypodynamia, at the age of 45, as well as with malnutrition and long-term drug therapy.

A high risk of pathology in the presence of such accompanying pathologies as sclerotic dysfunction, destruction of the mesenteric part of the sigmoid colon, microfibrosis and destruction of nervous ganglia, degeneration of the epithelium. All this is accompanied by secondary degenerative processes, a violation of the motor and functional activity of the epithelium and the intestinal mucosa.

It is manifested by chronic stool stasis, destructive changes and intoxication of the body, as well as irritation of the intestinal walls. This all leads to the development of an inflammatory process. Gradually, fibrosis can develop, in which the mucous membrane gradually thinens, its replacement by a connective tissue occurs. The depth of the lesion increases, the inflammatory process affects the muscular layer, submucosa and nervous tissue. The first signs are constipation for 3 days or more, the appearance of pain, spasm.

If you do not treat dolichosigma, develops ischemia of the intestine, which is accompanied by incontinence of feces. In many people, the disease does not manifest itself for a long time, and is found only on examination. Therefore, it is important to undergo preventive examinations. Diagnosis of pathology in the early stages makes it possible to prescribe treatment in time and avoid many complications.

Treatment is reduced to the normalization of nutrition and drinking regimen. Also prescribed medication, physiotherapy. Enzyme preparations and laxatives are used. Usually this is enough to stabilize the state.

[10], [11]

Dolichosigma of the sigmoid colon

This is a pathology in which damage occurs at the level of the sigmoid colon. With constipation, the stool masses are delayed, their main cluster is located right here. The inflammatory process, infection, intoxication develops. Not only does the quality of digestion decrease, but the overall well-being of the body also deteriorates noticeably. To eliminate the use of enemas, laxatives.

[12], [13]

Dolihosigma and Payra syndrome

Such a combined pathology is accompanied by severe pain, rumbling in the intestine, bloating. The cause of the pathology is the bend. In this case, surgical methods of treatment are used. Most often, a laparoscopic operation is performed that does not require a cavity incision. During the operation, resection of the sigmoid colon is performed, splenic flexure of the colon is taken down. After this, the intestines are immobilized, clipping of the vessels of the splatters is performed. Then minilaparotomy is made in the left part of the ileum region, 4-5 cm in length. This area is used to resect the sigmoid colon and an anastomosis is applied.

Complications and consequences

Dolihosigma can be asymptomatic, and then manifest itself as the most severe complications. Appear rash on the skin of a purulent-inflammatory nature. The main place of localization is a person. Accumulation of fecal masses is accompanied by intoxication of the body and the formation of stool. If it is impossible to empty the bowel for a long time, the stool becomes hard, loses its ability to leave the intestine independently. Anemia can develop, a sharp weight loss.

As the stool becomes hard, it can damage the walls of the intestine as it passes. Inflammation, infection, irritation of the walls, their mechanical damage, anal fissures and hemorrhoids develop. Ultimately, intestinal obstruction, intestinal ischemia, fibrosis may develop.

Transversoptosis with dolichosigma

The disease is accompanied by pain syndrome, a feeling of pressure in the abdomen, bloating, flatulence. With prolonged constipation develops nausea, vomiting, headache, bouts of irritability. Transversoptosis is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, burning pain in the heart, pain in the scapular region. If you take a large portion of food, as well as with increased physical exertion, the pain is greatly increased. Painful sensations can be weakened if we lie in a horizontal position. In elderly patients, pain is more prolonged, exhausting the body.

The main diagnostic method is X-ray analysis, carried out with the help of irriography. A contrast agent is used - the barium mixture, which is introduced into the intestine. Produce a slight massage of the abdomen, gradually shift the gut. Also often used radioisotope method. After the diagnosis, you need to start treatment as soon as possible. The main treatment is aimed at the normalization of peristalsis, intestinal motility, and the restoration of microflora. In the treatment of transversoptosis, gymnastics is important. Symptomatic therapy is also performed. For example, when pain occurs, anesthetics are prescribed, apply appliqués to the abdomen, apply electrophoresis and massage the abdomen. It is necessary to include in the diet as much as possible fruits and vegetables, juices.

If the ineffectiveness of conservative therapy occurs chronic intoxication, develop attacks of obstruction of the colon. Pain syndrome can not be suppressed. In this case, surgical intervention is required.

The operation is performed urgently with severe pain, swelling and flatulence, as well as with the risk of developing intestinal obstruction. Tactics can only be developed by a surgeon, based on laboratory and instrumental research data. It is necessary to differentiate the disease from cholecystitis, pancreatitis.

The nature of surgical intervention depends on the severity of the disease, the form, the localization of the main area of damage. According to statistics, transversoptosis affects mostly elderly people. It develops against the background of a physiological decline in muscle tone and increased pressure inside the peritoneum and chest. In the region of the liver and spleen, bowel overgrowth may occur, as a result of which pathology is aggravated and requires surgical intervention.

Begins transvertoptosis with minor pain in the abdomen. Often they are not even taken for serious pathology. Sometimes they may be mistaken for mild dysfunction of the digestive tract. Gradually, nausea, vomiting joins. When there is constipation, stools stay in the bowel for a long time, intoxication develops: headache, irritability, dizziness, weakness, sweating.

[14], [15]

Colonoptosis with dolichosigma

Colonoptosis is a disease in which internal organs descend, namely, the intestinal tract. Often develops as a complication of dolichosigma and chronic constipation. Most often, the bowel is lowered as a consequence of a defect that has developed in utero. To this pathology there is a hereditary predisposition. It can also be a consequence of various abdominal operations, heavy physical exertion, complicated pregnancy. Also, pathology contributes to a sharp loss of body weight, the wrong structure of other internal organs, deformation of the spine, trauma.

It is manifested stasis stool, permanent constipation, nausea and vomiting. The bladder can be affected by pressure on it. Most often there is right-sided inflammation, while the nearby organs are involved in the inflammatory process. If untreated, intestinal obstruction may develop.

Colonoscopy and irrigography are used as the main diagnostic methods. Using these methods, you can assess the condition of the mucosa, determine the diameter of the lumen and make the diagnosis. After that, the appropriate treatment is selected. Conservative methods and diet are used.

Dolihosigma and hypotonia of the large intestine

By hypotension of the intestine is meant a decrease in the tone of smooth muscles, in which motor activity and contractile activity of the intestine are impaired. As a result, the processes of emptying, excretion of stool masses are violated. Normally, feces should be excreted at intervals of no more than 48 hours. With a hypotone, this interval significantly lengthens. When combined with dolichosigma, intoxication occurs. The intestine can be completely affected, or only its separate department.

Most often, hypotension occurs in the elderly, when the tone of smooth muscles is significantly reduced. This contributes to bad habits, improper diet, sedentary lifestyle, stress, prolonged starvation, weakness of the press. Often weakening of intestinal tone occurs against the background of diseases of other organs, disorders of hormonal function, congenital anomalies, adhesions and stenosis. May be a consequence of toxic damage to the walls of the digestive tract, prolonged intake of medications. Pathology is accompanied by impaired blood circulation and damage to the nervous system, intestinal dysbiosis.

In order to choose the right treatment, you need to eliminate the cause that caused this condition. For this, first of all, it is necessary to carry out a diagnosis, then the appropriate treatment regimen is prescribed. Be sure to follow a diet, drink plenty of water, especially on an empty stomach. In the morning, you need to exercise. When restoring, physiotherapy, physical exercises, yoga, breathing and relaxation practices are used.

Veins of dolichosigma

With dolichosigma, the sigmoid colon is substantially elongated. Its size exceeds the norm. In addition, as a result of the accumulation of stools, its expansion occurs. This leads to the appearance of additional 1-2 segments in the intestine. In some areas, the gut may wrap up, forming a bend or a twist. In this case, surgery is required to eliminate bending.

Colitis with dolichosigma

Colitis is an inflammation of the intestinal wall, which occurs as a result of exposure to exogenous and endogenous factors. Often the inflammation develops against the background of constipation, because the feces can not leave the intestine, accumulate in the gut. As a result, toxins are produced, intoxication of the organism develops, the walls are also exposed to irritation. The mucous membrane swells, develops hyperemia, irritation. The stool becomes dark, gets a fetid odor.

In the study, bloating, palpation pain, swelling of the intestinal loops, which can be seen with the naked eye, are detected. In children, the growth and development slows down.

[16]

Dolihosigma and dolichokolon

Dolihokolon is considered as a complication of dolichosigma. It is often found in the event that the disease is not treated. It is accompanied by strong intoxication. It manifests itself in the form of a growing bloating, rumbling, fetid diarrhea. If the disease progresses, the temperature rises, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain appear. Then, watery diarrhea can appear in the form of a fountain, which follows a prolonged constipation. Against this background, dehydration occurs, intestinal cells lose fluid (it enters the intestinal lumen and intensifies diarrhea). It can result in collapse of blood vessels, sepsis, fatal outcome.

Diagnostics of the dolichosigma

In order to properly assign treatment, you must first put the correct diagnosis. For this, different methods of investigation are used. First of all, the patient is examined and questioned. The doctor receives the necessary information about the patient.

When collecting an anamnesis of life, the doctor finds out in what conditions a person lives and works, determines the diet, diet, exposure to stress, the degree of neuropsychic stress. The doctor will need information about preventive vaccinations, about previous illnesses, including infectious diseases, food poisoning. We need information about whether a person went abroad, especially in exotic countries, which will make it possible to exclude the risk of developing helminthic and invasive diseases. We need data on concomitant pathologies and possible allergic and other reactions.

When collecting an anamnesis of the disease, it will take information about when the symptoms of the disease first appeared, how they manifested, how the pathology developed. What complaints and subjective feelings the patient has at the moment. Find out the reasons that ease the condition, and exacerbate it. The doctor finds out what treatment was taken, what pills the patient takes.

Then, the patient is examined. The palpation method carefully probes the abdomen, intestines, the area of the sigmoid colon. By percussion, tapping of those areas in which the compaction is found is performed. Auscultation also hears sounds that are observed in the intestines, which makes it possible to determine the approximate direction of the dynamic processes occurring in the intestine. If necessary, a thermometry is carried out.

Thus, the doctor receives the necessary information, which gives him the opportunity to assume, put a preliminary diagnosis. But for the diagnosis of this information is not enough, it is necessary to conduct additional laboratory and instrumental research.

Analyzes

For the diagnosis is required a number of tests. Do not do without a traditional blood test, urine. In them, you can find signs that indicate the nature and stage of the pathology: inflammation, infection, intoxication. The biochemical analysis looks at the detailed picture, establishes the features of the metabolism, the main processes that take place in the body.

An analysis of feces for occult blood is prescribed, which makes it possible to determine internal pathologies, suggest the presence of bleeding in the stomach or intestine. Sometimes the presence of blood hidden in the feces may indicate an early stage in the development of cancer.

A coprogram is being conducted, which makes it possible to assess how fully the food is digested. Compulsory examination of feces for eggs of worms is carried out, if necessary, an analysis is made for dysbiosis.

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Feces with dolichosigma

Since  dolichosigma is  accompanied by constipation, the feces acquire a more firm consistency. Can be observed fir-tree feces, sheep feces. With prolonged constipation, it acquires a fetid odor.

One of the most effective methods of instrumental research is a colonoscopy.

Instrumental diagnostics

In order to identify dolichosigma and fully confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies. Instrumental methods are the most informative. There is a wide variety of methods. We will consider each separately.

Irrigography. With this method, you can find additional loops in the sigmoid colon, twists or elongations. For the study, barium mixtures are used. X-rays are used for X-ray examination.

With the help of ultrasound of the abdominal cavity organs, you can find extra loops, extensions, other anatomical features of the intestine.

Recto-manoscopy is an endoscopic method, in which it is possible to visualize the parts of the large intestine, to examine them.

X-ray examination makes it possible to detect the expansion and additional loops in the sigmoid section in the photograph. Ineffective in the diagnosis of disorders in newborns.

Colonoscopy - makes it possible to assess the condition of the walls of the large intestine with the help of endoscopic equipment. During the procedure, a biopsy is taken for further histological examination.

Children are also using some specific methods, for example rectal manometry, in which the diameter of the lumen is measured using a balloon catheter.

Colonoscopy with dolichosigma

The method makes it possible to examine the internal surface of the intestine, assess the condition of the large intestine, sigmoid and rectum. Walls and mucous membranes are evaluated. The advantage of the method is that it is endoscopic, and during the research it is possible to take a biopsy for further histological analysis. This method can diagnose the expansion and lengthening of the intestine, the presence of stool and stool, it is possible to identify the focus of inflammation, infection, damage and cancer. It is used for early diagnosis.

[18], [19]

Endoscopic signs of dolichosigma

When the endoscopic examination shows an increase in the lumen of the sigmoid colon, its size also lengthens. The dolichosigma indicates a length of more than 46 cm. There is an accumulation of fecal matter, as a result of which the gut expands. There may be signs of irritation: hyperemia, swelling, reddening of the mucosa and intestinal walls.

[20], [21]

Roentgen with dolichosigme

In diagnostics, an x-ray of the intestine is used, with the help of which it is possible to evaluate the state of the sigmoid and other intestines.

Irrigography is a method of X-ray examination, in which a contrast agent is injected into the intestine, then it is X-rayed. The method makes it possible to establish exactly how elongated and enlarged the intestine is in which part of the pathological process is localized. X-rays are not assigned to children, because it is impossible to distinguish the natural length of the intestine from the pathological.

X-ray signs

X-rays reveal enlarged sections of the sigmoid colon, possible loops and twists. Excessive length of the intestine is also visualized. In the presence of stool stones, they can also be found in the study.

Dolihosigma on ultrasound

With the help of ultrasound, additional loops and the expansion of the sigmoid loop can be detected. It also makes it possible to trace the main processes occurring in the intestine.

Differential diagnosis

In order to confirm the diagnosis of dolichosigma, laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out. First of all, the pathology must be differentiated from the usual functional disorder of the intestine, which arose against the background of inflammation or malnutrition. Then differentiate from food poisoning, intestinal obstruction, atony and ischemia of the intestine, cancerous tumors.

Treatment of the dolichosigma

First, conservative treatment of dolichosigma is always carried out , and radical methods are used only when it is ineffective. Begins any treatment with dietary nutrition, establishing a regime. You also need to drink plenty of water.

Prevention

There is no margin for preventing dolichosigma, as this is a genetic anomaly in which the sigmoid colon increases in size. It develops mainly in utero. You can try to prevent the development of constipation, adhering to a diet and optimal drinking regimen. It is important to take vitamins, have a full-fledged diet, include in the diet a large number of products with cellulose. If a pregnant woman is aware of a history of dolichosigma, you should register as soon as possible and follow all the recommendations for the prevention of this ailment. You need to do regular abdominal massage and exercise.

Forecast

The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease, as well as on how much the patient adheres to the doctor's recommendations. When performing all the necessary medical measures, the prognosis can be favorable. Usually it is possible to achieve stabilization of the stool, its regularity. If a child has a  dolichosigma, you need to regularly visit a doctor, take preventive examinations, adhere to the diet. When conservative therapy is ineffective, surgery is performed, the prognosis of which is usually favorable.

Disability with dolichosigma

By itself, a diagnosis is not an absolute basis for establishing disability. It is established by medical expertise, expert doctors, who assess the severity of the disease, the prognosis, the presence of concomitant diseases. The decisive factor for establishing disability in dolichosigma is the degree of muscle malnutrition and the presence of protein-caloric insufficiency (BKN). At BKN of 1 degree disability is not given out, at 2 and 3 degrees - is given out.

It should be noted that in accordance with the rules for recognizing a patient with a disability, three categories are distinguished. In the first category are people with a disruption of the structure and functions of the body, which do not allow the patient to independently take care of themselves. The main condition is the need for extraneous care. In most cases, dolichosigma does not apply to such conditions, because even in the worst case, a person remains legally capable.

The second group includes people who do not need outside care, but require special conditions for life and activity. The third group includes people with disabilities, which arose as a result of illness or congenital anomalies. A person can work, but hard physical work should be ruled out. It is believed that dolichosigma does not cause irreversible effects in the body, it does not affect the ability to work, that is why it is not a diagnosis in which disability is envisaged.

But you need to understand that the final decision can only be made by the commission.

Are they taking part in the army with dolichosigma?

Dolihosigma is not the basis for exemption from military service. The regulation on military medical examination does not include this diagnosis as grounds for recognizing a person as unfit for service, and also does not give grounds for postponing the draft.