Diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiology)

Myocardial infarction: diagnosis

Myocardial infarction should be suspected in men over 30 years of age and women over 40 years of age (at a younger age in patients with diabetes) if the leading symptom is chest pain or discomfort.

Myocardial infarction: symptoms

The symptoms of myocardial infarction depend to some extent on the severity and location of the arterial obstruction and are highly variable. Except in cases of extensive infarction, determining the extent of ischemia based on clinical manifestations alone is difficult.

Myocardial infarction: causes

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) usually develop when acute thrombosis of an atherosclerotic coronary artery occurs. The atherosclerotic plaque sometimes becomes unstable or inflamed, leading to its rupture. The plaque contents then activate platelets and the coagulation cascade, resulting in acute thrombosis.

Myocardial infarction: general information

Myocardial infarction occurs due to acute obstruction of a coronary artery. The consequences depend on the degree of obstruction and range from unstable angina to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (HSTHM), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STHM), and sudden cardiac death.

Syndrome X: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Syndrome X is a dysfunction or constriction of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed, leading to the appearance of an attack of angina pectoris (angina).

Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina)

Variant angina is angina that occurs as a result of arterial spasm (Prinzmetal's angina).

Tension angina: treatment

Modifiable risk factors should be eliminated as much as possible. People with nicotine addiction should quit smoking: after 2 years of quitting smoking, the risk of myocardial infarction decreases to the level of patients who have never smoked.

Tension angina: general information

Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome characterized by discomfort or pressure in the chest due to transient myocardial ischemia. These symptoms usually increase with exertion and disappear at rest or when taking nitroglycerin sublingually. The diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations, ECG data, and myocardial imaging.

Coronary heart disease: general information

Coronary heart disease, most often associated with the atherosclerotic process, involves deterioration of blood flow through the coronary arteries. Clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD) include silent ischemia, angina, acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, myocardial infarction), and sudden cardiac death.

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure (usually more than 20/10 mm Hg) when the patient assumes an upright position. Fainting, loss of consciousness, confusion, dizziness, and visual impairment may occur within a few seconds or over a longer period.

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