Diseases of the bladder

Cysto-genital syndrome are symptoms caused by impairment of accumulative (reservoir) and excretory (evacuation) functions that cause diseases of the bladder or trauma, pathologies of the genital and urinary systems, as well as innervation in lesions of the spinal cord membranes (Brown-Sekar symptom).

Given the close anatomical and functional connection with the kidneys, internal and external genital organs, the pathology in some part of the urethra or reproductive system eventually leads to a malfunction of the urination. Reflex urge to urinate is normally formed with the accumulation of urine from 200 to 400 ml, i.e. When creating a pressure in the cavity of 10-15 cm of water. Art. In the vertical position or 30 cm of water. Art. In the horizontal position.

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Injuries

Damage can be closed (ruptures that occur more often in fractures of the pelvis) by extraperitoneal ones with the formation of swells or intraperitoneal with the development of peritonitis. They are often combined with damage to the rectum or vagina. Penetrating (open) injuries are much less common - both gunshots and those inflicted with cold weapons. Even with suspicion, the victim should be hospitalized in the surgical or urological department, where a complex of additional studies will be conducted. A special place is occupied by foreign bodies that enter it mainly with urethral onanism, which go unnoticed, but eventually lead to the development of stone formation and, as a rule, are a clinical finding.

Neurogenic diseases of the bladder

They develop in the defeat of nervous pathways and centers that provide innervation and the function of voluntary urination. In the pathology of cortical, spinal ganglia and the pathways responsible for innervation, its subordination with spinal or cortical centers is disrupted, some or all links of the reflex chain of the act of urination drop out. This may disrupt the accumulative function, which leads to the development of urinary incontinence, or evacuation function with the formation of a delay in urine. Rarely develops a mixed form of the disease of the bladder, when there is urinary incontinence and its retention (residual urine). In children, and sometimes in adults, due to the deep inhibition of cortical centers in sleep or reflex reflexes, "nocturnal enuresis" occurs. A urologist or a diagnostic surgeon must conduct a complete urological examination to exclude organic pathology, and neuropathology should be used to diagnose and treat neurogenic disorders.

Inflammatory diseases of the bladder

Cystitis is divided into nonspecific and specific; acute and chronic. The spread of infection can have the character of ascending and descending. All of them have the same clinical picture: rapid and painful urination; in the lower abdomen, urethra, especially when urinating; cramping or persistent pain in the epigastric region. The analysis of urine is characteristic for the whole pathology of the urinary system: urine cloudy, the protein may be slightly increased, the reaction is more often alkaline; in the sediment leukocytosis, microhematuria, often a large number of flattened flat epithelium, but this can be noted with urethritis.

Specific diseases of the bladder (tuberculosis, syphilitic, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydosis, etc.) in most cases are combined with the lesion of other parts of the genitourinary system. Detection of urine, urethral contents, prostate juice, and a characteristic cystoscopic pattern, as well as serological and immune responses, is detected during bacteriological examination.

A special place is occupied by calculous diseases of the bladder. Stone formation can occur around foreign bodies, some parasites (shistom), receding kidney stones. Stones can be mobile and fixed. Characteristic: pain manifested or aggravated by walking and jolting riding with irradiation in the perineum, testicles, glans penis; violation of urination (jamming, changing the jet in a standing and lying position, etc.); a change in the nature of urine (mainly hematuria, but there may be pyuria, a high content of salts).

Tumor diseases of the bladder

Benign tumors are very rare, they do not have a characteristic clinic; and in most cases are cystoscopic findings with concomitant cystitis. Malignant tumors develop mainly (4 times more often) in men, especially in workers of aniline, rubber and oil industries. Aniline cancer belongs to the group of professional, and carcinogenic properties are not the aniline itself, but its derivatives, which are excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Typical symptoms are macrogematuria, dysuria (often with small portions of urination), with concomitant infections associated leukocyturia. The main method of diagnosis is cystoscopy.

Malformations and degenerative diseases of the bladder

Diverticula, hernia, leukoplakia, malacoplakia, endometriosis are more common in women and are characterized by the development of persistent cystitis. The main method of diagnosis is cystoscopy.