Development of veins
Last reviewed: 23.04.2024
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The veins of the fetus's body are laid in the 4th week in the form of paired, located along the sides of the body of the trunks (ventral to the dorsal aorta). In the anterior area of the body, the veins are called precardinal (anterior cardinal), and in the posterior region - postcardinal (posterior cardinal). Those and other veins of each side flow into the right and left common cardinal veins (cuveroids), and the latter into the venous sinus of the heart. Further transformations that undergo veins of the embryo's body are closely related to the development of the heart, the reduction of its venous sinus, and also to the formation of internal organs and limbs. The liver develops along the way of the yolk-mesenteric veins, therefore these veins become an integral part of its portal system. From the common vein-bearing liver, which is formed after the exit from the liver due to the fusion of the proximal sections of the yolk-mesenteric veins, the hepatic part of the inferior vena cava develops.
The left umbilical vein (the right one is rapidly reduced) a large number of anastomoses is connected to the portal system of the liver. One of these anastomoses turns into a wide venous (arantzium) duct, which connects the umbilical vein directly to the hepatic veins at the point of their entry into the inferior vena cava. After birth, the remnant of this duct is the venous ligament of the liver.
The main veins of the human body - the upper and lower hollow veins develop as a result of restructuring the pre- and postcardinal veins and the formation of new veins. From the anastomosis between the precordinal veins, the left brachiocephalic vein forms, which carries the venous blood into the right precordinal vein. The last posterior to this anastomosis, together with the right common cardinal vein, turns into the upper hollow vein. The development of the inferior vena cava is closely related to the development of the middle (primary) kidney and cardinal veins, as well as the anastomoses between them. The presence of anastomoses leads to a significant widening of the veins of the right side of the posterior part of the embryo's body and the reduction of the veins of the left side. As a result, the lower hollow vein develops from different parts of the veins of the right side of the posterior part of the embryo's body: its liver part (from the mouth to the point of adrenal embolism), from the general vein-bearing liver, the frontal part from the right subcardinal vein, from the anastomosis between the right sub- and supracardinal veins, the posterolateral part is from the lumbar region of the right supracardinal vein. Most of the veins flowing into the inferior vena cava, also develops due to various departments of cardinal veins. Remains of cardinal veins are on the right - unpaired and on the left - a semi-unpaired vein.
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