Cracked bone

It is not always the case that a bone is completely fractured by trauma: it is also possible that it is partially damaged, which is diagnosed as a crack in the bone. It is almost impossible to determine such a violation independently, since even instrumental studies can not always do it. The solution to this issue is handled by a trauma doctor. [1]

Epidemiology

Every year the number of patients who seek medical help for bone injuries increases. Such injuries occupy the third place among common pathologies.

Men are injured about twice as often as women: bone fractures are especially common during working age, and older people are more likely to be diagnosed with fractures.

Even with a partial fracture, approximately 5% of victims require hospitalization. [2], [3], [4]

Causes of the bone fractures

The appearance of a cracked bone is usually preceded by these causes:

• a hard blow with or against something;
• falling, jumping from a height (sometimes - even from a small height, but on an uncomfortable surface);
• Compression of the bone element (pressing by various structures, debris, building materials, etc.);
• excessive forced movement of a limb (e.g., forced rotation of an arm or leg, excessive motor amplitude, etc.).

In general, bone cracks can be divided into two categories:

• damage caused by mechanical effects (after a fall, impact, etc.);
• damage that has occurred due to weakness and fragility of the bone tissue itself (this is characteristic of some pathologies - for example, osteoporosis). [5]

Risk factors

Most often bone cracks are found in men of working age. However, women in the period of decreased estrogenic activity are also prone to various problems with the bone apparatus - primarily due to the development of osteoporosis and tissue softening processes.

All elderly and old people are also at risk. It has been proven that after the age of fifty, the body begins to gradually lose bone mass - by about 1% every two years. As a result, the risk of bone fractures and cracks increases with age.

Who else is at increased risk?

• People who are overweight, in which the load on the bone apparatus is significantly increased.
• Those who adhere to strict diets, unbalanced and poor nutrition (deficiency of nutrients and calcium leads to bone loss and softening).
• Individuals with a hereditary predisposition to fractures.
• Patients with bad habits - in particular, those who abuse alcohol and smoke. These factors lead to a gradual decrease in bone density, which increases the risk of damage.
• Patients with metabolic disorders, with pathologies of the endocrine system (in this case, bone structure disorders can be caused by hormonal failures, high blood sugar levels, impaired absorption of calcium and vitamin D).
• People taking certain medications for long periods of time, which include anti-estrogens, diuretics, heparin and aluminum preparations.

In addition, problems are often diagnosed in patients who paid little attention to physical activity, abused strong coffee drinks. [6]

Pathogenesis

A crack in the bone appears as a consequence of excessive load. The composition of bone tissue is always different, which depends on age, individual characteristics of a person, other factors.

The inorganic constituents of bone are mostly calcium salts - submicroscopic crystals of hydroxyapatite.

The organic bone component is called ossein. It is a protein substance that is structurally similar to collagen and forms the base of the bone element. Osein is present in osteocytes, the cells of bone tissue.

The combination of organic and inorganic fibers provides the basic properties of strength and elasticity. If any of the components are compromised - for example, if there is a deficiency of organic components - the structure becomes excessively brittle and prone to damage.

Mechanical damage, trauma become the main factors in the formation of a crack in the bone. [7]

Symptoms of the bone fractures

The clinical picture of a bone fracture can vary from patient to patient, and significantly. It depends both on the degree of damage and the individual characteristics of the victim - for example, the size of the pain threshold. Some people immediately feel all the symptoms and without delay go to the doctor. And sometimes it happens that a person tolerates the pain, taking it for ordinary osteoarthritis, and comes to the doctor only after several weeks of fruitless self-treatment.

In general, the first signs that there is a problem in the bone can be organized into the following list:

• Pain - at first it is strong, sharp, and later changes to dull soreness, increasing with physical activity.
• Swelling, swelling - usually detected and increasing immediately after the injury.
• Hematoma - appears if the crack in the bone appeared due to a severe contusion, in which there was damage to the capillary network.
• Deterioration of function of the injured limb.

Not all patients have all of these signs at the same time: only one or two symptoms may be present. This is why additional diagnostics, such as X-rays, are necessary to diagnose a bone fracture. [8]

• Does a cracked bone hurt?

Of course, as with any fracture and disruption of tissue integrity, a cracked bone results in pain. At the time of injury and for some time afterwards, the pain is strongly pronounced. Gradually its intensity is transformed, the soreness becomes dull, aching. The resumption of acute pain syndrome is possible against the background of increasing the load on the damaged bone.

• Does the bone crunch when cracked?

The sensation of crunching at the moment of bone damage is not the most characteristic symptom. That is, the absence of such a sensation does not exclude or confirm the presence of a fracture. If the damage is strong, deep, though not complete, then crunching is possible. However, many patients with diagnosed bone cracks do not indicate the presence of such a sign.

• Temperature in a bone fracture

Localized fever in the area of injury is normal after an injury such as a bone fracture. However, a generalized fever can sometimes indicate the development of complications.

In some cases, temperatures not exceeding 38°C may be recorded for a couple of days after the injury. This is thought to be the body's reaction to the injury. If the indicators rise higher, or are held for more than three days in a row, it is a reason to suspect the development of an inflammatory process. In such a situation, it is necessary to consult a doctor for additional diagnostic measures.

Stages

Medical professionals distinguish between several regenerative stages of a cracked bone:

1. Catabolic stage: damaged bone tissue dies off, cellular decay processes are triggered, hematomas are formed.
2. Cell differentiation stage: primary bone fusion begins, which, with sufficient blood supply, occurs through primary osteogenesis. The duration of this stage is up to two weeks.
3. Primary osteon formation stage: a bone callus forms on the damaged area.
4. Cerebral spongiolization stage: the bony plastic cover appears, the cortical component is formed, and the damaged structure is restored. This stage can last from a couple of months to 2-3 years.

The normal healing of a fracture in the bone depends on the proper and consistent progression of the above stages. [9]

Forms

Cracks in bone are traumatic (due to force) and pathologic (as a result of pathologic destructive processes in bone tissue).

In addition, fractures are distinguished according to the type of bone.

• A cracked arm bone is a concept that can involve injuries to the shoulder element, forearm, elbow joint, as well as injuries to the hand and fingers of the upper extremity. The most common reason for seeking help from a traumatologist is an injury to the metacarpal or radius bones. The most common cause of hand bone fractures is a fall on an outstretched hand.
• A cracked bone in the leg may include damage to the femur, tibia, foot (tarsal, metatarsal bones, toe phalanges). The injury can occur from a bad landing, fall, pinching the foot, etc.
• A pelvic bone fracture is an injury involving the pubic, iliac or sciatic elements. Patients are injured mainly in falls, sharp compression at the time of a car accident, and so on. The force impact, after which the violation appears, can be lateral, anteroposterior. Often the injury is accompanied by damage to the nerve roots and trunks of the lumbar plexus, which is manifested by various neurological disorders.
• A fracture of the sciatic bone is a common injury when a person falls on the gluteal region (this can happen on a slippery road or during active sports, such as soccer). Such an injury takes a long time to heal - at least a month, provided that bed rest is observed.
• Cracked iliac bone is one of the most "inconvenient" injuries, which is difficult to detect. Therefore, this injury often belongs to the so-called "hidden" variants: it can occur due to a direct blow or compression of the pelvic ring. To heal the violation requires compliance with strict bed rest for 4 weeks.
• A fracture of the bosom bone can be formed against the background of compression of the pelvic elements, or after a strong blow to this area. Damage to the pelvic ring requires careful diagnosis to exclude combined disorders of the urinary and reproductive system.
• Shin bone fracture may include partial injuries to the neck and head of the fibula, tibial tuberosity and condyles, ankles, and so on. Such injuries are mostly sustained after a fall from a height, direct or indirect impact.
• Tibial fracture is the most common injury to the lower extremities. The small and large tibial elements are damaged about equally often. The cause of such an injury can be a strong blow or a fall.
• A femoral fracture may involve a diaphyseal injury, affecting the upper or lower end of the femur. The injury may be caused by a direct targeted blow, a fall. Such disorders are particularly common in the elderly.
• A tibial fracture is an injury to the long tubular element localized in the area between the knee and the foot. Such injuries are extremely common and occur during falls and repeated loading of the bony area. The tibia plays a basic role in the biomechanics of movement, so it takes a long time to recover - at least a month.
• Fracture of the fibula is often detected simultaneously with damage to the tibial element: they are located in close proximity to each other. The most common causes of such an injury are falls, traffic accidents, and direct blows to the feet.
• Cracked bones of the skull, as a rule, is a consequence of blows to the head, falls. Often such an injury is accompanied by damage to the brain and brain membranes. Because of this, the damage is attributed to conditions that are dangerous for the life of the patient. Different bony elements of the skull can be affected. For example, a crack of the frontal bone is often depressed and combined with damage to the sinuses, as well as the eye sockets. Cracking of the temporal bone may be accompanied by a violation of the facial nerve, destruction of the auditory ossicles. A rarer injury is damage to the pyramid of the temporal bone, which can be combined with a violation in the cochlea and labyrinth. Cracking of the parietal bone occurs more often in childhood: the paired bone of the cranial medulla is injured. The parietal bone is connected to the occipital, frontal, temporal and cuneiform bones, so the possibility of a combined injury cannot be excluded.
• A facial bone crack can include injuries to the bony structures of the nose, eye sockets, zygomatic bone, upper jaw, and lower jaw. Cracking of the zygomatic bone refers to injuries to the facial bone structures. The damage is provoked by hard blows, sports or transportation injuries to the head. The problem requires long-term treatment, with restriction of full mouth opening for two weeks. Cracking of the nasal bone takes the first place among the injuries of facial structures: such an injury often occurs in fights, during boxing, wrestling, martial arts. Quite often, when the nasal bone cracks, patients do not seek medical help, taking it for a severe bruise.

Complications and consequences

A common bone fracture is easily healed if the patient diagnoses the problem in time and follows all the doctor's recommendations. As a rule, in most cases, the injury heals well, and complications are virtually non-existent.

If a person ignores the doctor's advice - for example, continues to load the injured limb, or does not carry out the prescribed treatment - then the crack in the bone can increase, and the fracture from partial to full fracture.

If the violation is formed along with a hematoma of soft tissues, then it can occur its infection and suppuration: phlegmon develops, which in the further absence of necessary therapy can develop into a gangrenous process.

In general, it is considered that complications after bone fracture are rare. Only in some cases, they develop in elderly patients, against the background of other chronic diseases - for example, diabetes mellitus, obesity and so on. [10]

How do cracked bones heal?

The healing of bone fractures can occur in different ways. The duration of this process also depends on how complex the injury was, as well as the age and general health of the patient. It is extremely important that the injured person follows all the recommendations given to him by the doctor.

It is obligatory to pay attention to physical procedures: such treatment is allowed to begin after 2-3 days from the moment of injury.

Load the damaged bone element as gradually as possible. Under no circumstances should you remove the cast yourself or engage in physical activity early.

To stimulate healing, it is necessary to follow the principles of proper nutrition. It is recommended to include in the diet products with a high content of natural chondroprotectors: these include gelatin, cold cream, fatty varieties of fish. In addition, we should not forget about the full intake of calcium into the body, including with dairy products and nuts. [11]

How long does a cracked bone take to heal?

It usually takes at least a month (2-3 months on average) for a partial bone fracture to fully heal. This period may vary, depending on the size of the injury, the immune system and general health of the injured person, and the quality of treatment. To accelerate healing, it is recommended to take calcium preparations, as well as not to drink alcohol or smoke during the entire healing period. [12]

Diagnostics of the bone fractures

How to identify a crack in the bone? It is impossible to do this on your own: you must necessarily seek the help of a doctor. A medical specialist will give an initial visual assessment, palpate the damaged area.

In order to distinguish a crack from a fracture, an X-ray will be ordered - this method is mandatory. The X-ray image will show the crack in the bone itself. In addition, it is possible to assess its size, as well as to see other damage accompanying this injury.

If the x-ray did not provide all the information needed about the cracked bone, the patient may be referred for an MRI procedure.

In general, the full range of diagnostic procedures is usually as follows:

• Blood and urine tests (to assess the general condition of the body, its functional capacity, and to exclude inflammatory processes). If purulent complications develop, the fluid taken during puncture (abscess, bone, infiltrate) may be analyzed, as well as the study of tissues taken by biopsy.
• Instrumental diagnosis (the main method is radiography, auxiliary - magnetic resonance imaging).

Radiography is used for diagnosis, as well as during treatment to assess the dynamics of healing of the bone fracture. X-rays are performed in at least two projections. Individual patients may be recommended to have additional images in oblique or other projections and stacking. [13]

Differential diagnosis is most often made between partial and complete fracture. The possibility of bone inflammation, nerve fibers and nearby soft tissues should also be excluded.

The difference between a fracture and a fracture is most often perfectly visualized on an X-ray: it is even possible to determine the size of the injury and the degree of damage to nearby tissue structures. If the fracture line does not divide the bone into two or more separate fragments, the patient is diagnosed with a bone fracture. If the bone is completely divided or, moreover, its fragments are displaced, a complete fracture is diagnosed.

Treatment of the bone fractures

After the diagnosis of a crack in the bone, the doctor proceeds to prescribe treatment. The main point of therapy is immobilization of the nearby joints and bone, immobilization of the limb. This can be done with a cast (bandage), or other devices that can provide immobility to the damaged area.

In some cases, it is possible to do without a plaster cast: the patient is offered to wear an orthosis - a special medical device that corrects, relieves and fixes the damaged joint and limb.

A traumatized person is necessarily recommended to follow a special diet - with a high content of minerals and vitamins. In case of pain, analgesics are prescribed, and bed rest is prescribed for lower extremities.

In some cases, it may be necessary to take anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant medications. [14]

What is done for a cracked bone?

Immediately after an injury, you should go to the nearest medical facility, preferably a trauma center. When going to the doctor, it is important to immobilize the affected area of the body beforehand: for example, you can apply a splint from improvised materials, or at least a headscarf (if the hand is injured). If possible, an ice bag should be applied to the injured area.

If the lower limb is injured, you should not walk on your own: reliance on the damaged bone may lead to an aggravation of the problem, and a partial fracture may turn into a complete fracture or even a displaced fracture. If the foot is injured, it is fixed and immobilized.

All victims are assigned radiologic diagnostics to clarify the nature of the injury. [15]

How long to walk in a cast for a cracked bone?

The length of time in a cast for a bone fracture is not the same for all patients. It depends on many factors: on the size of the injury, on the localization, on the general state of health and the age of the victim.

On average, a cast has to be worn for 20 to 35 days. In case of an injury in the foot, this period can be extended to 5 to 7 weeks.

If the patient suffers from diabetes mellitus, the duration of stay in a cast for bone fracture also increases - from a couple of months to six months.

You should not try to get rid of the plaster cast early: a cracked bone is also a fracture, albeit a partial one. For its healing, it is essential to ensure immobility of the broken area. Only under such conditions will normal tissue fusion occur. [16]

Medications that can be prescribed by a doctor

Plastering alone is not enough to make a cracked bone heal sooner: certain medications are needed to relieve pain and speed up bone repair.

What kind of drugs are we talking about?

1. Analgesics - these are used to relieve pain.
2. Vitamin and mineral complexes - will help replenish the stock of useful substances in the body.
3. Chondroprotectors - they are prescribed when it is necessary to restore cartilage tissue.
4. Immunostimulants - strengthen the immune system, promote rapid healing.
5. Diuretics - needed if there is fluid accumulation (edema) in the area of the damaged bone element.

• Analgesics, analgesic medicines:
  • Ketanov is a ketorolac medication that is prescribed to relieve acute pain for a short period of time. Ketanov is taken one tablet every five hours. You should not drink the remedy for more than five to seven consecutive days, due to its negative effect on the mucosa of the digestive tract.
  • Ibuprofen is a well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is taken 400-600 mg 2-3 times a day. Prolonged treatment with the drug can cause heartburn, diarrhea, sleep disturbance; erosive and ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract are often noted.
  • Pentalgin - a combined drug based on the action of metamizole, paracetamol, caffeine and other ingredients. Tablets are taken one piece up to three times a day (intervals between receptions - at least four hours). Treatment with Pentalgin is sometimes accompanied by such side effects as digestive disorders, a feeling of fatigue, irritability. The drug is not prescribed if the patient, along with a bone fracture, has a craniocerebral trauma, or there is increased intracranial pressure.
  • Solpadein - a combination drug, produced in convenient effervescent tablets, which are dissolved in a glass of water. Standard reception involves the use of 2 tablets every four hours (but not more than eight tablets per day). Side effects against the background of treatment are limited to a possible allergy to the drug.
• Diuretics for the elimination of edema:
  • Verospiron is a diuretic based on spironolactone, prescribed orally at 0.05-0.3 g/day (more often - 0.1-0.2 g in three doses). Cancellation is performed gradually. Treatment may be accompanied by dizziness, a feeling of drowsiness, phenomena of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
  • Diacarb is a preparation of acetazolamide. To eliminate edema in bone fracture, it is prescribed 0.125-0.25 g 1-2 times a day, for 1-2 days. Longer use may cause headaches with dizziness, paresthesias, allergies.
• Calcium-containing agents, vitamin preparations:
  • Calcium gluconate - is the calcium salt of gluconic acid. Take tablets before meals 1-3 g up to three times a day. With a tendency to thrombosis, the use of the drug is contraindicated.
  • Calcemin Advance - contains an effective combination of calcium and vitamin D, as well as other trace elements. With bone fracture, the drug is taken two tablets per day, with water (morning and evening). Do not take more than 3 tablets per day, as this can lead to digestive disorders and allergies.
  • Calcium _D3 Nicomed is a convenient chewable tablet with calcium and cholecalciferol. With a crack in the bone, it is appropriate to use the drug 2-3 times a day one tablet. Treatment is usually well tolerated, only in rare cases nausea, decreased appetite are noted.
• Preparations for strengthening immune defense:
  • Immuno-Ton is a syrup with extracts of eleutherococcus, echinacea and St. John's wort. It is taken with food, or immediately after it: in the morning, 1 tablespoon, for a week. Longer to take the drug is not recommended, due to the risk of falling immunity activity.
  • Echinacea tablets - a herbal preparation characterized by hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, regenerating and immunostimulating properties. Tablets are taken morning and evening, one piece at a time, for one or two weeks. Contraindications to the use of the drug is hypersensitivity to any plants from the family of complex flowers (for example, to chamomile, dandelion, calendula).
  • Immunoflazid is a sweet and liquid plant extract that has a pronounced immunostimulant property. Adults take this remedy 9 ml twice a day, for 1-4 weeks. Allergies to the drug are rare.
• Preparations for the restoration of cartilage tissue:
  • Chondroitin complex with glucosamine - prescribed in the rehabilitation period for a crack in the bone, one capsule twice a day for three weeks. Then switch to a maintenance dosage of one capsule once a day. The total duration of treatment is 2 months. The drug is not recommended for use with a tendency to bleeding.
  • Teraflex - used in complete and partial fractures, to accelerate the regeneration process and the formation of bone callus. Within 21 days, the drug is taken 1 capsule three times a day, and then - 1 capsule twice a day. Duration of treatment - 2-3 months.

Ointments for bone fractures

To alleviate pain and speed up healing for a cracked bone, it is also allowed to use external remedies in the form of ointments or gels.

Ointments that relieve painful discomfort:

• Diclofenac gel, representing the category of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Suitable for joint and muscle pain, aching and painful discomfort in bone cracks.
• Ketonal cream based on ketoprofen has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, relieves post-traumatic pain.
• Lidocaine ointment 5% refers to local anesthetics of the amide type. It can be used for short-term local anesthesia.
• Ointments used for swelling and hematoma:
• Heparin ointment refers to anticoagulants, it is used for swelling that occurs after injuries without violating the integrity of the skin.
• Indovazin is a combined remedy that has a simultaneous anti-edematous, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect.
• Troxevasin gel is prescribed to eliminate swelling and pain in post-traumatic syndrome.
• Warming ointments prescribed during the recovery period:
• Nikoflex is a topical preparation with analgesic, warming and vasodilating effect. It is not used during an acute inflammatory reaction.
• Capsicam is a combined agent with irritant and vasodilator effect, improves local blood circulation in tissues. Capsicam should not be applied to damaged skin. Caution: the drug can cause allergies.

Vitamins and micronutrients for bone fracture

The body needs calcium and zinc, magnesium and phosphorus to strengthen bone tissue. However, these substances cannot be absorbed without the presence of certain vitamins. For example, it is important to sufficient intake of B-group vitamins, ascorbic acid, as well as vitamin D. A complete set of vitamin and mineral substances will significantly accelerate the healing of a crack in the bone.

So what is the role of the voiced beneficial components?

• The main building block of the musculoskeletal system is calcium: it is what provides bone strength.
• For calcium to be fully absorbed, vitamin D must be present: if its intake is insufficient, the bone tissue will not be strong.
• B-group vitamins take part in the normalization of bone growth processes, maintain elasticity and help to form collagen fibers.
• Ascorbic acid accelerates all regenerative processes in the body, prevents demineralization.
• Vitamin _K2 is designed to prevent calcium from "leaching" out of tissues.

All of the above components can be obtained both from food and by taking complex vitamin and mineral preparations. Widely known are such complex remedies as "Vitrum Osteomag", "Osteo Santum", "Vitrum calcium _D3" any of these preparations can be taken in case of bone fracture, and even in case of fractures.

As far as foodstuffs are concerned, these vitamins and minerals are present in sufficient quantities in vegetables, herbs, fruits, cottage cheese, sesame seeds, buckwheat and legumes. Vitamin D intake can be ensured by sufficient exposure to sunlight.

Physical therapy treatment for bone fracture

Physiotherapy is allowed to be applied as early as the second or third day from the moment of injury. UHF, electrophoresis, UVB are most often prescribed for bone fracture. For electrophoresis, mainly directional drugs are used: calcium, chlorine, corticosteroids, novocaine, iodine preparations.

Warming is performed with paraffin, ozokerite, therapeutic muds. The essence of heat procedures is to accelerate blood flow in the damaged area, which will lead to improved metabolism and recovery processes, as well as to the rapid removal of tissue decay products.

Mud treatment has a positive effect in general on the human nervous system. Contraindications may be decompensated cardiac disorders, tuberculosis, oncological pathologies.

Other auxiliary therapies are often climatotherapy, massage, galvanization (electrotherapy), balneotherapy, and LFK.

Folk treatment for bone fracture

With proper immobilization, a bone fracture will heal on its own after some time. However, in order to speed up this process, you can use auxiliary treatments - for example, folk remedies. We offer you several recipes, the effect of which has been tested by more than one generation.

• Take the shell of one hen's egg, dry it well and grind it to a powdery state. The resulting powder is mixed with lemon juice and all eaten. Such a remedy is prepared daily, taken for a couple of weeks.
• Eat two or three walnuts daily.
• Take raw egg yolk, mix it with 1 tsp. Of dry gelatin. Eat immediately after mixing, and after that do not eat for half an hour. The procedure is repeated daily, until persistent improvement of the condition.
• Collect eggshells from hen's eggs, dry them well and grind them to a powdery state. Eat ½ tsp. Of the powder at breakfast and dinner.
• Treat the damaged area with fir oil - daily, up to three times a day.

Herbal treatment

• Honeysuckle.

Pour 1 tbsp. Vivacosta 500 ml of boiling water, kept for 1 hour under a lid, filtered. Drink 1 tbsp. L. Up to 4 times a day, and also lubricate the damaged area.

• Comfrey.

Pour 200 ml of boiling water 1 tbsp. Comfrey, insist until cool, filtered. Take 1 dessert spoon three times a day for four weeks. In addition, the infusion can be used to treat the damaged area on the body. The medicine is rubbed into the skin twice a day - in the morning and at night.

• Calendula.

Take one and a half tablespoons of dried calendula, pour 500 ml of boiling water, kept for an hour under a lid. Filter and take 100 ml 4 times a day.

• Rosehip fruit.

Fruits in an amount of 25 pieces pour 500 ml of boiling water, kept in a thermos for 15-20 minutes. Filter and take 150-200 ml up to 4 times a day, between meals.

These plants stimulate regenerative processes in bone tissue, accelerate wound healing, strengthen the body's resistance.

Homeopathy for bone fracture

Homeopathic remedies can be used immediately after the injury and also later on to speed up the healing of the crack in the bone.

In order to choose the right remedy, it is necessary to consult a homeopathic doctor who can recommend the following remedies:

• Arnica - suitable for the treatment of partial as well as complete bone fractures of any localization and complexity.
• Aconite - successfully combats shock, pain, normalizes the nervous system.
• Symphytum - suitable for accelerating the healing of minor injuries; treatment is started after fixation of the damaged bone.
• Calendula - prescribed to optimize healing processes in injuries accompanied by internal hemorrhages, hematomas.
• Hypericum - helps if the injury is accompanied by sensory disturbance in the affected area.
• Ruta - suitable for treating bone cracks, ligament sprains and soft tissue sprains.
• Calcarea phosphorica - prescribed if the fissure does not heal for a long time (within 1-1.5 months).

It is recommended to take 3 grits of the chosen remedy in 30c potency, every 4 hours, or more often (in severe pain, until persistent improvement of the condition).

Side effects on the background of treatment are usually absent. Homeopathic remedies are safe and have no contraindications for use.

Surgical treatment for bone fracture

The surgical method of treatment is used exclusively for all kinds of injuries and deformations of the limbs, spine, and pelvis. This is mainly relevant for bone fractures. In the case of bone fractures, such treatment is most often not required.

Prevention

Preventing bone injuries, including fractures and cracks, is a very necessary measure for children and adults. What does it consist of? First of all, it is necessary not only to avoid all kinds of falls and injuries, but also to prevent the development of osteoporosis - a pathological condition in which there is a loss of bone mass. Osteoporosis increases the incidence of bone cracks many times over.

What recommendations do doctors offer about this?

• Smoking should be stopped: smokers lose bone mass much faster than other people. Bone injuries heal more slowly, and there is a risk of poor and improper fracture healing.
• Moderation in alcohol consumption is necessary: alcoholic beverages negatively affect the course of metabolic processes, the quality of calcium absorption in the body, the formation of bone tissue.
• It is important to watch your weight: it is known that extra pounds significantly increase the risk of bone injuries. However, such an extreme as excessive thinness is also a negative point: malnutrition, frequent adherence to strict diets lead to metabolic disorders and thinning of bone tissue. It is especially undesirable to limit yourself in nutrition in adolescence - in this period the quality of the bone apparatus is formed. Therefore, it is optimal to adhere to the "golden mean" to avoid both fullness and excessive thinness.
• We should not forget about the benefits of sunlight: even 15-30 minutes a day is enough to give the body the necessary dose of solar energy - first of all, for adequate production of vitamin D. But it is also not worth abusing the sun: it can lead to the deterioration of the skin, to the development of melanoma.
• It is important to eat a nutritious and proper diet: excessive protein products, coffee abuse can cause calcium deficiency in the body. Foods such as nuts, herbs, berries and tofu cheese can improve bone quality.
• An active lifestyle is essential: hypodynamia leads to weakening of the entire musculoskeletal system. Sporting activities do not necessarily have to be

Forecast

The prognosis depends on the patient's age, lifestyle, the localization and severity of the bone fracture, the nature of the medical care provided, and the quality of rehabilitation. In young people, bone injuries heal faster than in old people. Of great importance is also the general state of health of a person: the presence of chronic diseases, disturbed metabolic processes, hormonal pathologies slow down the healing of a crack in the bone. [17] In general, the prognosis for healing the injury can be considered favorable, provided that the recommended means of immobilization and medications are used.