Continuous Bone Connections

Continuous joints of bones are formed by means of different types of connective tissue located between the connecting bones. Among them, fibrotic, cartilaginous and bony joints are distinguished.

To the fibrous joints include seams, tooth-alveolar joints (vkolachivaniya) and syndesmozy. Stitches (suturae) are joints in the form of a thin connective tissue layer between adjacent bones of the skull. Depending on the shape of the joining bony margins, three types of sutures are distinguished. Flat (harmonious) sutures (sutura plana) are present between the bones of the facial part of the skull, where the equal edges of the bones are joined. Toothed sutura (sutura serrata) are characterized by the ruggedness of the joining bony margins and are located between the bones of the cerebral part of the skull. An example of scaly sutures (sutura squamosa) is the connection of the scales of the temporal bone with the parietal bone. Stitches are zones of amortization of shocks and tremors during walking, jumping. Sutures also serve as growth zones for the skull bones. After 40-50 years, many stitches are overgrown (synostosed). Premature overgrowth of the joints leads to deformation of the skull. Asynchrony of overgrowing of sutures, especially paired ones, is the leading cause of skull asymmetry. Zuboalveolar connection, or vkolachivaniem (articulatio dentoalveolaris, s. Gomphosis), called the connection of the root of the tooth with the walls of the dental alveoli, between which there is a thin connective tissue layer (periodontium).

Syndesmosis (syndesmosis) are joints of bones through ligaments and interosseous membranes - membranes. Ligament (ligamenta) in the form of thick bundles of dense fibrous connective tissue connect adjacent bones. In this case, the ligaments strengthen the joints, direct and limit the movement of the bones. Most of the ligaments are formed by collagen fibers. Yellow ligaments constructed of elastic fibers connect the arcs of adjacent vertebrae. Collagen fibers of the ligaments are slightly elongated, they have great strength. The interosseous membranes (membranae interosseae) are stretched, as a rule, between the diaphysis of the tubular bones. They firmly hold the tubular bones next to each other, often serving as the starting point for the muscles.

Bone joints with cartilage are called cartilage joints, or synchondroses. This type of joints is distinguished by great strength and elasticity, which is due to the high elastic qualities of the cartilage. Distinguish synchondroses are permanent, existing throughout life (for example, intervertebral disks), and temporary. Temporary synchondroses at a certain age are replaced by bone tissue (for example, epiphyseal cartilage of tubular bones).

Cartilage compounds also include symphysis (semi-joints), in which a narrow slit-shaped cavity exists in the cartilaginous interlayer between the bones. Symphysis (symphysis) occupy an intermediate position between the continuous and discontinuous connections (joints). An example of a semi-joint is the pubic symphysis.

Bone joints (fusion, or synostosis) are formed as a result of the replacement of synchondrosis with bone tissue. An example of synostosis is the replacement of cartilage by the bone tissue between the pubic, iliac and ischium bones, resulting in the formation of a single pelvic bone.

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