Consequences and complications of cervical dysplasia

The consequences of dysplasia of the cervix are a characteristic of the course of the dysplastic process depending on its severity:

• I degree. Most cases of diagnosed dysplasia are successfully treated, provided that the diagnosed provoking factor is diagnosed in time. For example, the definition of HPV as the causative agent of the pathological transformation of epithelial cells requires treatment. After 6-12 months after the therapeutic course, laboratory tests do not show the presence of the virus in principle. Only 10% of women may take a little longer to heal than a year. In 30% of observed cases, cervical dysplasia remains in a stable state, does not pass into the second degree. Only in a small number of women the initial form of CIN can progress and pass to the second degree. This can not be considered a direct consequence of actual dysplasia, but rather a cause in infection, a virus. The identification of etiological factors dictates the further direction of all therapeutic measures
• II degree also can not be the reason for the diagnosis - cancer. The consequences of the revealed CIN of the second degree can be alarming only in the absence of adequate treatment, or the woman's refusal to observe and therapy

The statistics speak about such figures:

1. 35-40% of women who successfully treated HPV (or STDs) do not need frequent preventive examinations. Dysplasia with adequate medical measures passes independently
2. 30% of cases show a stable course of dysplastic processes without transition to a more severe degree
3. In 75% of women, doctors report full recovery after 1.5-2 years, if complex therapy is performed and the provoking factor is completely eliminated
4. 10-15% of patients may fall into the category of risk. The second stage of CIN progresses and passes to the third degree

• III degree of CIN is a serious reason for prolonged examination and treatment. The reason may be associated with age-related changes in the body of a woman, with social factors (living conditions), with previously unidentified chronic diseases, including infectious, viral etiology. To prevent such consequences and the risk of oncology, women are recommended to undergo comprehensive gynecological diagnosis, including cytology, at least once a year.

The consequences of dysplasia of the cervix are primarily a symptomatology of a process that has been started. In other cases, when the disease is stopped in the early stages, its consequences are absent.

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Relapse of cervical dysplasia

Dysplasia of the cervix even after treatment can recur. Recurrence of CIN is due to the activity and type of provoking factor, most often - an infection or a virus.

Even prolonged therapy does not always guarantee complete healing, especially when it comes to papillomavirus (HPV). The virus is capable of retaining vital activity in epithelial cells for many years at such factors:

• Immunodeficiency, including HIV.
• STDs are diseases that are sexually transmitted, which is not uncommon in diagnosing HPV itself.
• An antisocial way of life.
• Lack of vitamins, macronutrients, amino acids, poor nutrition.
• Concomitant chronic diseases in chronic form.
• Inappropriately taken medication during the course of therapy.
• Non-compliance with hygiene.
• Disruption of the hormonal system.
• Absence of diagnosis and treatment in the partner (secondary infection, relapses can occur infinitely often).

What can prevent recurrence of cervical dysplasia?

• Regular preventive examinations.
• Adequate therapy and competent choice of methods (destruction of the neck with laser help, conization or other options for indications, immunomodulatory therapy, applications, suppositories, external procedures and so on).
• Parallel examination and treatment partner.
• Compliance with all rules of specific hygiene.
• Full nutrition with the inclusion of vitamin complexes, microelements, fiber.
• Absence of stressful factors, which can also trigger a relapse.

The risk of recurrence can be high, medium and extremely low. Let's consider in detail, in which cases the return of the disease is possible, and when it can be minimal.

1. High risk. This group includes about 40% of patients older than 40-45 years who have not received a full course of HPV treatment, or who reject preventive examinations.

Often relapse of cervical dysplasia occurs during the period of therapeutic activities as part of the treatment process (resistance to the virus and drug therapy). Recurrence is typical for CIN of moderate and severe severity, as well as for complex disease course in conjunction with immunodeficiency (HIV).

2. The average level of risk. No more than 15% of women fall into this category, more often in cases of surgical intervention without proper antiviral prophylaxis afterwards. Possible complications after an unsuccessful surgical procedure - incomplete excision, conization. Affects the average level of risk and concomitant infection of the genital area (candida, trichomoniasis, all types of STDs).
3. Low level of risk. Minimal danger can be exposed to patients of young age, under 35 years old, having a history of diagnosis - cervical dysplasia of the first degree. Significantly reduces the risk of relapse full-value adequate treatment and mandatory - preventive measures to prevent the "return" of HPV.

If to summarize, we can talk about such factors that reduce the likelihood of recurrence of CIN:

• Age (the younger the woman, the less risk).
• Condition and activity of the immune system.
• Tactics of drug therapy and strategic planning of concomitant treatment (exercise therapy, vitamin therapy, diet).
• Presence or absence of chronic hidden diseases and concomitant pathologies of infectious etiology.
• Preventive actions.

In conclusion, some statistical data:

• Treatment without prevention is a relapse in 35-40% of cases.
• Surgical method of treatment - reducing the risk of recurrence up to 15%.
• Complex treatment, including medical and surgical methods in conjunction with prevention - the risk of returning dysplasia tends to 2-3%.

Complications of cervical dysplasia

Dysplasia of the cervix of the first two degrees proceeds without pain and almost without complication. The most dangerous consequences of CIN can be considered oncological processes, among which the cervical cancer is the leader.

Complications happen in such cases:

• Untimely detection of cervical dysplasia in the early stages.
• Absence or not observance of all stages of complex treatment.
• The unwillingness of a woman to undergo annual preventive examinations.
• Genetic predisposition to pathologies prone to malignancy (oncology).
• Menopause.
• Overlaying several infectious diseases (a combination of STDs, immunodeficiency).

Cervical dysplasia has a large list of forms of the disease, but the most dangerous, threatening serious complications, is considered the third degree of CIN, in some cases leading to cervical cancer. The period of malignancy (transition to malignant stage) can last for years (up to 10 years). Transient transformation is also possible and is caused by secondary pathologies, which accelerate the development of the oncological process. The first stages of the disruption of the structure of the epithelial cells pass without clinical manifestations, the symptoms are extremely poorly expressed. Atypical degeneration of the cell structure can be determined only in several layers of the mucosa. When a woman independently observes unpleasant sensations, including painful ones, this may indicate the transition of dysplasia to the extreme degree. Affected body of the uterus, vagina, cervix, atypia is noticeable in all layers of the epithelium, which clinically and laboratory is already defined as carcinoma in situ (in the initial stage). If metastases affect the lymphatic system, bone tissue, nearby organs, the complication is manifested by severe pain and typical signs of oncopherosis (cachexia, swelling, temperature changes of the body, weakness).

In addition, complications of dysplasia can result from certain moments of treatment of the disease. These include the following manifestations:

• After surgery, which is sometimes shown as a way to treat dysplasia. Bloody discharge, temporary bleeding is considered normal phenomena, which can be explained by a rather large sector of the wound surface. After surgery, you should not use hygiene tampons, you need to limit sexual contact. This, perhaps, is one of the not so pleasant drawbacks of choosing an operation with the help of surgical instruments.
• Even if dysplasia was treated with a more modern method, radio wave, in any case a scar tissue forms on the uterine mucosa. Scars change the elasticity and ability to stretch the tissue for the worse, this can complicate the delivery (the risk of ruptures in the cervical canal).
• Complication can also be considered the ability of some types of dysplasia to relapse. More often it is associated with the activity of papillomavirus, which leads the list of provoking CIN factors.
• Dysplastic localizations can be removed by any means, and there is always the danger of reducing local tissue immunity. As a consequence, the risk of joining infections of different etiologies. Prevent complications of cervical dysplasia can clearly follow all the recommendations of a gynecologist, personal hygiene, contraception within 1-2 months after the operation.

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