Sternal cancer

Breast cancer is a tumor of the chest area of the body associated with various causes, localized mainly in the mediastinum, esophagus, lungs, and much less often in the heart. Therapeutic supervision of this oncological process is carried out by an oncologist, less often by a narrow specialist (gastroenterologist, cardiologist) in cases where the disease has a non-tumor cause.

[ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ]

Causes sternal cancer

The oncologic process, and especially breast cancer, is dangerous because neoplastic neoplasms tend to grow quickly and spread to nearby organs. Among the most common tumors in clinical practice, neoplasms in the lungs, which are diagnosed mainly in men, are in the lead. What causes breast cancer is not fully understood, among the theories accepted as basic, there is a theory of radiation exposure, chronic smoking, and an industrial factor (harmful production, when a person inhales carcinogenic vapors for a long time).

[ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ 10 ]

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of sternum tumors differs little from the pathogenetic links of any other oncoprocess. A tumor and cancer of the sternum can be provoked by trauma, and neoplasms can also arise as a result of underlying pathological neglected diseases. Thus, fibrous dysplasia, deforming osteosis (Paget's disease), and dysembryoplasia (pathology of embryonic tissue development) can be considered precancerous diseases.

[ 11 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ], [ 14 ], [ 15 ], [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 18 ], [ 19 ]

Symptoms sternal cancer

Breast cancer is an insidious disease, since it most often proceeds and develops without obvious clinical symptoms. It is with this feature that the high mortality rate is associated: a person seeks help too late, when the process enters the terminal, uncontrolled stage. The oncological process is activated at the last stage, then the patient begins to feel atypical weakness, unexplained by objective reasons, weight loss. In addition to general symptoms, there are also specific ones, depending on the localization of the tumor - lungs, esophagus, and so on.

Breast cancer today represents a morphologically diverse group of diseases, poorly studied and least developed in a clinical sense. The diversity of tumors is associated with the anatomical specificity of the structure of the breastbone. The chest contains almost all possible tissue rudiments and mesenchymes (embryonic connective tissue). There are also no reliable, combined and confirmed statistics on the prevalence of breast tumors and the overall mortality rate.

[ 20 ], [ 21 ], [ 22 ], [ 23 ]

Forms

1. Tumors of the soft tissues of the sternum;
2. Tumors of the skeletal system of the sternum.

• Liposarcoma;
• Angiosarcomas;
• Rhabdomyosarcomas;
• Neurogenic sarcomas;
• Chondrosarcomas;
• Osteosarcomas;
• Synovial sarcomas;
• Ewing's sarcoma.

Ewing's sarcoma can develop from tissue embryos of the sternum and be called primary, it can also be secondary and be a consequence of another tumor, that is, be a metastasis. This is quite often observed in malignant tumors of the mammary gland in the terminal stage.

[ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ]

Diagnostics sternal cancer

The choice of diagnostic methods depends on where the tumor is supposed to be according to the presented primary symptoms and the collected anamnesis. Standardly, an ultrasound examination, an X-ray are prescribed if the gastrointestinal tract is affected, the esophagus - gastroscopy, in case of suspected oncological process in the heart - coronary angiography. It is mandatory to conduct MRI - magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory blood tests, both biochemical and to determine tumor markers. Unfortunately, diagnostics in 85% of cases shows an oncological process and breast cancer at a late stage, tumors are usually malignant. The only exception is neoplasms in the rib area, in this localization almost 50% of tumors are diagnosed as benign and have a very favorable therapeutic prognosis.

[ 28 ], [ 29 ], [ 30 ], [ 31 ]

Differential diagnosis

When diagnosing, differentiation is essential to separate sternum cancer from other benign diseases and complications after injuries (hematomas, bursitis, myositis).

Treatment sternal cancer

Malignant tumors of the chest and sternum cancer are subject to surgical intervention. The tactics of surgical actions depend on the results of histological studies, the localization of the tumor, its size and the degree of invasion into nearby tissues and organs. If a benign tumor is diagnosed, surgical enucleation (removal of the tumor without excision of the surrounding tissues) is usually performed. If the diagnostic prognosis is alarming, the tumor is malignant with invasions, then an extensive operation is performed with extensive excision of the surrounding tissues within the layer of the neoplasm. Also, resection of a large area of tissue and muscles is often performed in case of a mediastinal tumor, the skin is preserved in such an intervention (it is not subject to excision). If as a result of the operation to remove the neoplasm, a through-and-through defect is formed, plastic corrective closure is indicated, including endoprosthetics of the removed sections of the ribs or scapula.

Forecast

Breast cancer has a low percentage of favorable prognoses, mainly related to benign tumors. Both treatment measures and survival prognosis are closely related to the duration of the disease, the patient's age, the rate of tumor spread, and histological results. The most threatening in terms of prognostic values are all types of sarcomas. Therapy for breast cancer remains problematic, since the process itself is poorly understood and has no single etiological basis.

[ 32 ], [ 33 ], [ 34 ]