Breast Cancer

Breast cancer - tumors of the thoracic part of the body, associated with various causes, localized mainly in the mediastinum, esophagus, lungs, much less often - in the heart. Therapeutic supervision of this oncological process is performed by an oncologist, rarely a narrow specialist (gastroenterologist, cardiologist) in cases when the disease has a non-tumor cause.

[1], [2], [3], [4],

Causes of the breast cancer

Onkoprotsess, and the more so the cancer of the sternum is dangerous because the neoplastic neoplasm has the property of rapidly expanding and spreading to nearby organs. Among the most common tumors in clinical practice, tumors in the lungs are leading, which is diagnosed mainly in men. What causes sternum cancer is not completely understood, among the theories accepted as basic, there is a theory of radiation exposure, chronic smoking, a production factor (harmful production, when a person inhales carcinogenic pairs for a long time).

[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of sternal tumors is not much different from the pathogenetic links of any other oncoprocess. To provoke a tumor and a cancer of a sternum can as a trauma, also neoplasms can arise and owing to the basic pathological neglected diseases. For example, fibrotic dysplasia, deforming osteosis (Paget's disease), and dysembryoplasia (pathology of embryonic tissue development) can be considered a precancerous disease.

[11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Symptoms of the breast cancer

Breast cancer is an insidious disease, as it often develops and develops without obvious clinical symptoms. It is with this feature that a high mortality rate is associated: a person turns to help too late when the process passes into a terminal, non-curable stage. Onkoprotsess activates at the last stage, then the patient begins to feel atypical, unexplained by objective reasons, weakness, weight loss. In addition to general symptoms, there are specific, depending on the location of the tumor - the lungs, esophagus and so on.

Breast cancer is a morphologically diverse group of diseases, poorly researched and least developed in the clinical sense. The variety of tumors is related to the anatomy of the sternum. In the chest are almost all possible tissue rudiments and mesenchymes (embryonic connective tissue). There is also no reliable, unified and confirmed statistics on the prevalence of sternal tumors and the overall percentage of mortality.

[21], [22], [23], [24]

Forms

1. Tumors of the soft tissues of the sternum; 
2. Tumors of the skeletal system of the sternum.

• Liposarcoma; 
• Angiosarcomas; 
• Rhabdomyosarcoma; 
• Neurogenic sarcomas; 
• Chondrosarcomas; 
• Osteosarcoma; 
• Synovial sarcomas; 
• Ewing's sarcoma.

Ewing's sarcoma can develop from the tissue embryos of the sternum and be called primary, it can also be secondary, and be a consequence of another tumor, that is, a metastasis. This is often observed in malignant tumors of the breast in the terminal stage.

[25], [26], [27], [28]

Diagnostics of the breast cancer

The choice of diagnostic methods depends on where the tumor is supposed to be given according to the initial symptomatology and the history that was collected. Standard appoint ultrasound examination, roentgenogram, if the gastrointestinal tract is affected, the esophagus - gastroscopy, in case of suspicion of an oncology in the heart - coronary angiography. Mandatory is the MRI - magnetic resonance study and laboratory blood tests, both biochemical and on the definition of oncomarkers. Unfortunately, diagnostics in 85% of cases shows oncological process and sternum cancer at a late stage, tumors, usually malignant. The only exception is neoplasm in the ribs, in this localization almost 50% of tumors are diagnosed as benign and have a quite favorable therapeutic prognosis.

[29], [30], [31], [32],

Differential diagnosis

Diagnosis requires differentiation to separate the breast cancer from other benign diseases and complications after trauma (hematoma, bursitis, myositis).

Treatment of the breast cancer

Malignant tumors of the chest and cancer of the breast bone are subject to prompt intervention. The tactics of surgical operations depend on the results of histological studies, on the location of the formation, its size and degree of germination in nearby tissues and organs. If a benign tumor is diagnosed, surgical enucleation (removal of the tumor without excision of surrounding tissues) is usually performed. If the diagnostic prognosis is alarming, a malignant tumor with germination, then an extensive operation is performed with extensive excision of surrounding tissue within the layer of the tumor. Also, often resection of a large area of tissues and muscles in a tumor of the mediastinum, the skin with this intervention is preserved (not subject to excision). If, as a result of the operation to remove the tumor, a through-type defect is formed, plastic correction closure is shown, including endoprosthetics of the remote parts of the ribs or scapula.

Forecast

Sternomium cancer has a low percentage of favorable predictions, mainly they relate to benign tumors. Both treatment and survival prognosis are closely related to the duration of the disease, the age of the patient, the rate of spread of the tumor, and histological results. The most threatening in terms of prognostic values are all kinds of sarcomas. The therapy of chest cancer remains problematic, since the process itself is poorly understood and does not have a single etiological basis.

[33], [34], [35]