Breast biopsy

Breast biopsy as a medical research method is a procedure for taking a sample of cells from the patient's mammary gland for a subsequent microscopic examination at the cellular level - so called. "Pathomorphological analysis."

A biopsy is necessary to confirm an accurate diagnosis when a woman suspects having a breast cancer. From the methods of biopsy can be identified operational and non-operative. In some cases, the procedure for sampling a tissue from the breast requires anesthesia.

Biopsy is performed only in selected cases, when other modern methods of research, for example, such as ultrasound or mammography, do not provide a full picture of the nature of the changes occurring in the tissues of the breast. To determine the type of tumor (benign or malignant), a diagnostic procedure such as a biopsy is needed, the purpose of which is precisely to reveal the nature of the tumor pathology in the mammary gland.

[1], [2], [3]

Indications for a biopsy of the breast

A biopsy of the breast is prescribed by the attending physician in strictly defined cases. Usually, before the biopsy procedure, other diagnostic methods are also conducted, the purpose of which is to determine the extent and location of pathological changes in the breast. Such studies include breast ultrasound and mammography, other methods may be used less frequently. In the case of deep-seated tumors, a biopsy is performed under the control of an X-ray or ultrasound.

Indications for breast biopsy:

• unintelligible discharge (in particular, bloody) from the nipples;
• presence of dense formation in the mammary gland;
• changes in the area of the nipple (gumminess, appearance of crusts and peeling, discoloration);
• ulcers of unknown etiology on the epithelium of the breast;
• spots of light or dark color on the x-ray in the chest area;
• detection of mammogram or ultrasound of suspicious areas of the breast;
• change in skin color and peeling of areas on the chest.

The causes of these pathologies should be established by biopsy to exclude or confirm the presence of a tumor process in the mammary gland.

The psychological aspect is very important when the patient is assigned a breast biopsy. The doctor is obliged to correctly explain to the woman about the purposes of this procedure, because the patient is almost always experiencing great stress due to being in ignorance and premature, disappointing conclusions. The task of the medical specialist is to inform the patient that in the vast majority of cases (about 80%) the biopsy result is negative, which is a very good indicator.

Preparing for a breast biopsy

Breast biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that requires the patient to take certain actions aimed at successful manipulation.

Preparation for a biopsy of the breast is a number of prohibited actions:

• Do not take alcohol and medications that inhibit blood clotting and prevent the formation of blood clots (for example, anticoagulants, such as aspirin and its analogs).
• The procedure for biopsy with the use of MRI is not recommended for pregnant women, and if pregnancy is suspected.
• It is forbidden to use magnetic resonance imaging for biopsy if the patient has an implanted pacemaker.
• Without fail, a woman must first inform the doctor about the reactions of her body's immune system to certain substances (manifestation of allergies).

Immediately before the procedure, a woman must follow all the instructions and recommendations of the treating doctor. In a biopsy-day, the patient should refrain from using cosmetic lotions, deodorants or antiperspirants. Before the procedure will need to remove jewelry, glasses, dentures (if any).

It is desirable that a woman arrives in a medical institution accompanied by a loved one who will support her both psychologically and in case of poor tolerance of pain medication and help get home. In principle, there are no serious reasons for concern in the appointment of this diagnostic procedure. It is important to simply listen to the recommendations of a doctor who will inform the patient in advance about the type of the biopsy and explain what the procedure is.

Needle for biopsy of the breast

Breast biopsy (aspiration) is carried out by a special thin needle to check the presence and extraction of fluid from the affected area. After this procedure, the obtained liquid is sent to the study for a cytologist - a trained specialist who diagnoses, based on a small number of cells.

In the presence of a solid tumor, a thicker diameter needle is used to remove a small piece of tissue from the tumor.

The needle for breast biopsy is usually multicomponent and is used to obtain biopsy samples (organotonic materials) in the process of cytological as well as histological examination. Control over the location of the needle for biopsy allows the use of special ultrasound tags. Atraumatic injection of the biopsy needle is ensured by the wound edges. The multivariance of needle diameters for biopsy allows the sampling process of the cytological material to be performed depending on the characteristics of the tumor. Thus, the diagnosis is possible on the basis of a minimum number of cells.

Unfortunately, malignant tumors often show their heterogeneity. This means that they can consist of both cancerous and benign areas. When a biopsy needle penetrates into the benign area of a cancerous tumor, the result of the procedure will show a "false negative" diagnosis. For this reason, often doctors choose an operative method of extracting the affected area. Pathomorphologists then study several tissue sections at once to ascertain the presence or absence of cancer cells. Thus, an accurate diagnosis is confirmed by surgical biopsy.

How is breast biopsy done?

A biopsy of the breast is performed by an outpatiently experienced mammologist, a surgeon or a radiologist. There are varieties of this procedure, the choice of which depends on the specific situation. The attending physician on the basis of examination of the mammary gland and the results of certain analyzes will recommend the patient the optimal method of biopsy taking into account the size of the tumor, its location, as well as other parameters of the lesion of the female breast.

Naturally, before the procedure of all patients, the question is asked: "How is breast biopsy done?" Undoubtedly, the doctor is obliged to answer all questions that interest the patient, and carefully prepare her for conducting diagnostic manipulation.

Directly during the biopsy, the patient is placed on the couch in a supine position on her back, or on her side, turning to the doctor. During the study, it is necessary to lie still, without stirring. Then local anesthesia is carried out, the position of the damaged tissue is determined by means of an ultrasound transducer. After this, the needle is introduced and its progress to the pathological site. When a biopsy needle is inserted, a sensation of light pressure may be noted. The whole picture is monitored on the monitor of the special apparatus. For sampling a pathological tissue, the following can be used:

• fine-needle,
• thick-needle,
• vacuum,
• surgical biopsy.

After completion of the procedure, the necessary measures are taken to stop bleeding (in particular, a cold pack is used in the form of an ice pack), a bandage is applied to the wound. The procedure does not require suturing. By the time all the manipulation takes about an hour. It is not recommended to engage in any active physical activity within 24 hours after the biopsy.

With the aim of so-called. "Puncture biopsy" special needles are used, through which a puncture of a certain area of the affected breast is performed, accompanied by such methods of control as X-rays, MRI and ultrasound. A sample of the obtained tissue is immediately sent to the laboratory for a special histological examination. Puncture of the skin area is usually well tolerated, the patients note only a slight discomfort. For the purpose of anesthesia, it is possible to use superficial anesthesia (subcutaneous injection of anesthetic, resulting in a "freezing" of the area of the skin into which the biopsy needle will enter).

Continuous development of medicine contributes to the emergence of innovative methods for biopsy. In particular, to date, new tools are being used for this procedure: disposable needle-machines and biopsy guns. With the help of such diagnostic equipment, a "cutting biopsy" is more effective (in this case soft tissue of the breast is taken for analysis). Conducting a fine needle puncture biopsy is reduced to the use of a narrow-dial single-use needle, previously inserted into the puncture gun. This tool acts with lightning speed, firing a special needle-knife, with which a thin column of tumor tissue is cut out. The important thing is that with such a study, the accuracy of the result is up to 95%.

Puncture biopsy of the mammary gland

Breast biopsy reduces to taking an organic (cell-tissue) material for the subsequent cytological analysis to identify the nature of the pathological neoplasm in the mammary gland. A puncture biopsy is prescribed in those cases when the volume of the mammography and ultrasound is revealed, and there are doubts about the exact diagnosis. In other words, with the help of this manipulation, it is possible to obtain a cell pool for further microscopy.

Puncture biopsy of the mammary gland is the most sparing diagnosed method aimed at collecting cells from the damaged mammary gland for the purpose of microscopic examination. In fact, this kind of biopsy resembles the usual intramuscular injection. This biopsy is in most cases performed in the doctor's office and consists of three main stages:

• insertion of a thin needle attached to the syringe into the tissue;
• screening of tissue fragments and liquid into the syringe;
• extraction of the needle.

The method of TAPB (fine needle aspiration puncture biopsy) is actively used in modern clinical practice and is highly informative. Its purpose is to determine the malignancy or good quality of the tumor in the mammary gland. From the result of the biopsy will determine the decision on the operative treatment of the patient.

Manipulation is carried out on an outpatient basis. No special preparation of the patient for this procedure is required. Prohibited the use of aspirin and anticoagulants, and the patient should warn the doctor about possible allergic manifestations of the body as a reaction to certain drugs.

The method of taking a puncture can be different: in one case a thin needle of the Chib type is used to obtain a small amount of pathological cells or liquid contents; in another - a biopsy needle is used, which is slightly thicker in diameter and allows to obtain an even piece of tissue for examination and provides for the use of local anesthesia. This method of biopsy is called "excision". Modifications of the techniques based on the biopsy principles described above are possible. With a puncture biopsy, a skin puncture is performed under ultrasound guidance, which allows the needle to be inserted directly into the neoplasm tissue. When the needle is removed, the puncture material is transferred to the slide glasses for subsequent histological examination.

Puncture biopsy of the mammary gland is contraindicated in case of recurrence of cancer and presence of metastases, as well as decompensated somatic pathology. The advantages of this diagnostic method are painlessness, low traumatism, absence of general anesthesia and special preparation of the patient. Various complications in the form of aseptic inflammation or interstitial hematoma after the procedure are extremely rare.

After assessing the amount and quality of the resulting cellular material, the cytologist decides whether to repeat the manipulation. Thus, 2-3-fold sampling of the puncture material is possible for greater accuracy of the result. On average, the time of puncture biopsy of the breast is up to 20 minutes. The final results of a cytological study of the material taken will depend on the complexity of the pathology and can be obtained within a period of 1 to 7 days.

Trepan breast biopsy

A biopsy of the breast has several varieties. Thus, for the exact diagnosis of the type and degree of development of education (tumor or cyst), a surgical procedure can be used which consists in excision of the entire body of the tumor (excision) or a specific part of the tumor (incision), in other words, it is so called. "Trepan biopsy".

Trepan biopsy of the mammary gland is performed using a special Palinka needle. The procedure can be performed under both local and general anesthesia. Such a needle consists of a rod with a chisel and a cannula with a mandrel - a long flexible tube with a stiletto, which the surgeon carefully inserts into the incision, previously made with a scalpel, up to the point of contact with the surface of the tumor. After the removal of the mandrel by means of a cannula, a section of the cancerous tissue is cut. In this case, the tube is periodically inserted into the rod with the cutter, and then it is extracted already with the obtained cellular material. When a cyst is available, the contents of the cannula are sucked off. By means of the inserted electrocoagulant cyst walls are cauterized. As a result of this type of biopsy, you can get the maximum accuracy of the study.

A piece of tumor, obtained with the help of trepan biopsy, is a material for a more in-depth morphological study. The preparation of the material allows for a thorough histological analysis of the cellular composition of the formation, as well as the determination of its finer structures.

Trepan breast biopsy, as well as puncture biopsy, is usually performed before radiation treatment or during surgery as a replacement for diagnostic sector resection. It should be noted that this type of biopsy is performed in exceptional cases, since it has a certain degree of danger for the patient.

Vacuum biopsy of the mammary gland

Breast biopsy can be carried out in the form of a method combining diagnostic and therapeutic options. In particular, we are talking about a vacuum biopsy.

Vacuum biopsy of the breast is performed both under ultrasound and under X-ray control. The main advantage of this method of research is the possibility of obtaining in just a few minutes multiple tissue samples, which are 8 times larger than the samples of cell sampling obtained as a result of puncture biopsy or trepan biopsy, in which systems equipped with a spring mechanism are used.

The procedure of a vacuum biopsy consists in the single injection of a special biopsy needle, after which the aperture rotates, and thanks to the vacuum, the tissues are sucked to a special opening and then their excision is quickly rotated by the blade. This allows you to get multiple tissue samples against the background of minimal trauma.

Due to translational movements after the introduction of the biopsy needle, the risk of chest injury is prevented, and the procedure for small-sized breast biopsy is facilitated. Thus, the accuracy of diagnosis is increased, and the problem with the specification of the diagnosis of the pathological formation of the mammary gland that is not palpable during examination is solved. Another important advantage of the vacuum biopsy method is the sufficiency of using local anesthesia.

The main indication for the appointment of PSA for diagnostic purposes is the clarification of the nature of the tumor or mammary gland cyst, not palpable, but visible in radiographic control. In addition, this type of biopsy is used to accurately determine the predictions in the presence of a malignant neoplasm in the breast.

Indication for the method of vacuum breast biopsy with a therapeutic purpose is the removal of a benign formation that is not palpable on examination (fibroadenoma, fibrosclerosis, microcalcinates). This procedure is used as an alternative method for surgical intervention. However, it should be noted that one of the main inhibitory factors for carrying out a vacuum biopsy of the breast with a therapeutic purpose is the malignant nature of the tumor.

Fine-needle biopsy of the mammary gland

Breast biopsy is a kind of surgical manipulation, performed with the purpose of revealing pathological formation in the female breast, as well as determining its structure, type and nature. The main material for conducting a subsequent laboratory study is the cells or a piece of tissue taken from the breast by biopsy.

Fine-needle biopsy of the mammary gland, in fact, is the simplest and most common method of examining a nonpalpable neoplasm found in the mammary gland. When performing this procedure, a thin biopsy needle is used, specifically designed for the collection of cellular material from the cyst or tumor.

How does this manipulation take place? The patient is sitting on the couch, the doctor denotes the biopsy site, on the skin of the breast, then its surface is treated with an antiseptic. After this, a thin needle is inserted on the syringe directly into the gland, the piston is pulled back and, thus, sucks in the inside of the syringe a certain amount of tissue for examination.

This method of biopsy is a quick and minimally invasive diagnostic procedure that allows you to differentiate between a cyst filled with fluid and a tumor.

In addition to tonogamous, a thick-needle biopsy of the gland can be used - this happens when an ultrasound examination or a mammogram clearly shows some formation in the chest, and also when a doctor at a medical examination of the patient manages to palpate a seal. For the procedure, a needle is used, a little thicker than a diameter, than with fine needle biopsy, with which it is possible to obtain several samples of pathological tissues and immediately send them to a special histological study to identify cancer cells.

It should be noted that needle imaging for a more accurate picture additionally uses other imaging techniques, such as mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging.

[4], [5], [6], [7], [8]

Stereotactic breast biopsy

Breast biopsy is necessary to establish an accurate diagnosis when a woman finds seals, tumors and other lesions in her breast.

Among the several methods of biopsy, used for the collection of tissue and cellular material for the purpose of further laboratory research, we can note a stereotactic biopsy.

Stereotactic breast biopsy consists in taking material for subsequent histological examination with a single needle from several sites. This is necessary in case the neoplasm is located quite deep. During the procedure, thin and thick biopsy needles can be used. The procedure itself is controlled by a digital mammogram, as well as several ultrasound devices. Thus, with the help of the creation by means of a mammogram of ionizing (i.e., X-ray) radiation, the physician can accurately supply the necessary tools to the pathological site for the collection of cellular material. Before the doctor prescribes this type of biopsy, the patient is waiting for an x-ray study of the breast, - while the gland is viewed from different angles. This makes it possible to obtain a number of photographs for more accurate information about the localization and nature of education.

Stereotactic biopsy is used in cases where a dense formation of unknown etiology is found in the female breast; there is a violation of the tissue structure of the mammary gland, there are foci of microcalcinates (calcium deposits) in the areas of previously performed operations.

The procedure of stereotaxic biopsy is practically painless, and on the accuracy of the final results of the study is equated to surgical biopsy. In addition, after it there are no traces and defects on the skin and tissues of the breast, as opposed to the consequences of surgical intervention. In addition, the recovery period after stereotactic biopsy takes much less time.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the mammary gland

A biopsy of the breast can be performed in several ways. One of the most common, simple and often used diagnostic methods is TAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy of the breast). This method of diagnosis is chosen in the event that the formation in the chest is not probed.

The procedure is performed by puncturing a suspicious area of skin with a thinnest hollow needle attached to a syringe and specifically designed to take pathological cells to determine their nature (benign or malignant). By its principle of operation, the biopsy needle resembles a vacuum pump, i.e. With its help, under pressure, the cellular material is sucked into the syringe for further investigation.

During the fine needle biopsy, the patient is lying on the couch and table. The doctor performs the manipulation, fixing the chest area with one hand and directing a thin biopsy needle to the designated place. It should be noted that the needle for biopsy in this case is thinner than the one used for venous blood sampling. In the syringe, the suction of the cellular material or fluid from the cyst or tumor occurs through the needle cavity.

Aspiration biopsy is a simple way of differentiating between a tumor and a cyst filled with fluid. This method avoids a more invasive procedure. If the cell material is unsuccessful, additional diagnostic procedures may be necessary, and in complicated cases, surgical treatment is necessary.

[9], [10], [11]

Coronary Breast Biopsy

Breast biopsy is carried out with the use of special equipment, in particular, biopsy needles of different diameters for the collection of cellular or tissue material for the purpose of further laboratory testing to identify the nature of pathological formation in the chest.

Corpus biopsy of the breast (med. "Core needle biopsy") is a diagnostic method in which a thick needle is used. With its help, you can get a whole column of cells and tissues, not only from the skin, but also from a specific organ. In this case, we are talking about the mammary gland, so by carrying out a biopsy and subsequent histological examination of the tissue column, one can determine the nature of the neoplasm - benign or malignant, then to determine the correct tactics for treating the disease.

Thick-needle biopsy consists in the use of a special automatic mechanism, by which the needle moves into the tissues and it is returned to a cell with a "column" (ie, with a tissue sample for pathomorphological analysis). Using an outer protective sheath, the fabric is immediately cut off. This process is carried out repeatedly (3-6 times).

[12]

Breast tumor biopsy

If any slight changes in the chest are found during self-examination, the woman should immediately consult a doctor for a complete examination. If on examination the doctor suspects a tumor disease, it is necessary to make a biopsy (puncture). It should be noted that therapeutic tactics in detecting a tumor in the mammary gland implies the use of a number of laboratory techniques, the information of which in combination will allow to determine the presence or absence of distant metastases.

Breast biopsy is one of the most accurate diagnosed methods for determining the nature of the tumor - benign or malignant. Before the biopsy, such examination methods as palpation, ultrasound, mammography, scintigraphy (radioisotope study), computed tomography, analysis for tumor markers of blood, etc. Are usually prescribed.

A biopsy of a breast tumor can be carried out in several ways, it all depends on the degree of tumor development, the patient's condition, the results of additional studies. The simplest method is thin-needle biopsy of the tumor, but it may not be sufficiently informative. In this case, trepan or cor-biopsy is used to obtain more accurate results of histological examination. Such procedures are performed on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia.

Kor- and trepan-biopsy make it possible to obtain a sufficient amount of material in order to not only determine the histological structure of the tumor, but also to investigate the HER2 receptor, as well as the receptor levels to steroid hormones. This information is very important in the first stages of the disease, when it is not about surgery, but about the appointment of a conservative therapy regimen.

Depending on the size and location of the tumor, the biopsy method is selected, respectively. So, for small tumors located on the tissue structures of the chest, near the sternum, fine-needle or stereotactic biopsy will be the optimal method of investigation. In some cases, surgical biopsy may be used, which also has its own indications.

After choosing a biopsy technique, the doctor gives the patient a detailed description of the procedure, explains its need and benefits, warns about possible risks and complications.

[13], [14], [15], [16]

Breast cyst biopsies

Breast biopsy can be used in case of detection of cystic lesions. Cysts consist of outer membranes, which are a dense connective tissue, and internal contents, which can have a different consistency - mushy or liquid, and also purulent or bloody. The sizes of cystic tumors vary from several millimeters and up to 5 or more centimeters. Cystic formation is well palpable during medical examination of the breast. Usually this is a painless seal that has distinct, even outlines.

All women need to know and understand that the cyst is a kind of manifestation of the so-called. "Cystic fibrosis mastopathy" - a rather dangerous condition, which is considered a background or precancerous disease. That is why it is so important in diagnosing a breast cyst to a woman that it is very important to visit a mammalian doctor as soon as possible and undergo a complete examination.

A biopsy of the breast cyst is considered an important research method aimed at excluding or confirming the presence in the breast of atypical cells. With the help of this invasive method, tissue particles or contents of the cyst are taken for the purpose of subsequent cytological analysis. Puncture biopsy at the same time is appointed in conjunction with other methods of examination: mammography, MRI, ultrasound, pneumocystography, etc.

Puncture biopsy of the mammary gland cyst is carried out in an outpatient setting under the strict supervision of a medical specialist and is characterized by absolute safety (i.e., practical absence of trauma to the skin and soft tissues). For collection of cellular material, a thin needle is used, to obtain tissue samples - a thicker needle or a biopsy gun (so-called "trepan-biopsy"). The material taken for analysis is sent to the pathomorphological laboratory for the purpose of conducting special analyzes (histological, cytological), for accurate diagnosis of the disease.

It should be noted that a biopsy is prescribed only if the doctor suspects the presence of a cystoma in the woman's breast or malignant formation. Puncture biopsy can be considered a curative measure, because during this procedure the contents of the cyst are completely evacuated by means of a thin needle. Thus, the cyst is emptied, its walls are stuck together, after which the formation disappears. This method of treatment is optimal for single cysts and is often used by mammologists as an effective and low-traumatic method.

[17], [18]

Biopsy of breast fibroadenoma

Breast biopsy is performed to clarify various pathologies, in particular cysts and tumors. One of the most common breast tumors that have a benign nature is fibroadenoma, which resembles a ball in shape and arises from fibrous tissue. This pathology is most often found in women under 30 years old. As a part of fibroadenoma there are stromal or fibro-connective cells, the tumor itself is usually not more than 3 millimeters in diameter, although there are cases when it reaches 5 centimeters in diameter.

The causes of fibroadenoma may be different factors. Of these, one can note the effect of estrogens on the internal structure of the mammary gland in the premenstrual period or during pregnancy. Diagnosis of fibroadenoma consists in examining and palpating the gland, after which the patient is assigned ultrasound, as well as mammography and biopsy.

Biopsy of fibroadenoma of the mammary gland is, in fact, the only method of clinical investigation that allows to determine with high accuracy the type of tumor - its good quality or malignancy. This procedure is performed by taking a piece of tissue for analysis with a biopsy needle. Patients aged 20-25 years are not required to have a biopsy if the mammogram and ultrasound show all the symptoms of fibroadenoma. Most often it manifests itself as a single node.

Puncture from the breast to a biopsy is necessary for laboratory examination of fibroadenoma cells in order to prevent the occurrence of breast cancer. For example, leaf-shaped fibroadenoma, according to statistics, in 10% of cases to degenerate into sarcoma. It is noticed that with incomplete removal of foliate fibroadenoma, a relapse occurs. Treatment of fibroadenoma, which has a phyloid form, consists exclusively in surgical intervention. Radical mastectomy is the only method of effective treatment of malignant neoplasm.

Thus, a clear diagnosis can be made only after excision of the tumor, as well as taking its fragments for the purpose of subsequent histological examination. It should be noted that the removal of fibroadenoma is urgently shown to women planning pregnancy, as hormonal changes in the female body accompanying the bearing of the child can provoke the active development of fibroadenoma and in severe cases - its degeneration into cancer. In addition, fibroadenoma can prevent the outflow of breast milk due to overlapping of the milk ducts, resulting in mastopathy, which has very undesirable consequences for the nursing mother.

[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25],

Biopsy for breast cancer

Breast biopsy is performed to study pathological education in terms of determining its basic nature - benign or malignant. Unfortunately, no woman is insured against the risk of developing breast cancer, and the number of the disease has only increased over the years. It is especially important to regularly be examined by a mammologist doctor for women with a genetic predisposition to the occurrence of breast cancer. Medical examinations and conducting diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, mammography, MRI will allow to find out the health problem on time and get rid of it.

In the early diagnosis of cancer, self-examination of the breast with the help of palpation is of great importance, as well as routine checks at the gynecologist. If any changes in the mammary gland are found, it is necessary to undergo a full medical examination, and in case of suspicion of a tumor of incomprehensible etiology - a biopsy.

Biopsy in breast cancer has as its main task the production of biological material, i.e. Tissue from the pathological area. Later, after the puncture, the tissue sample is subjected to a laboratory histological examination in order to determine the type of cells included in its composition. For the procedure, methods of aspiration with thin or thick needles are used. An incision (open) biopsy is performed most often on the background of a surgical operation aimed at excising the tumor.

The choice of the method of biopsy in breast cancer depends on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the presence of metastases, the number of atypical foci and other factors. A biopsy is performed under local anesthesia. If a cancer recurs, a biopsy is very important, since its results will influence the choice of treatment. In this case, the purpose of the biopsy is to find out the causes and clarify the diagnosis of a relapse or metastasis of the cancer. For this purpose, a needle or stereotactic biopsy is used. When suspected of lung metastases, a biopsy is performed using a bronchoscope - a special medical instrument inserted into the trachea, and then into the bronchi for the purpose of visual inspection of the suspicious tissue site.

Results of a breast biopsy

Breast biopsy helps determine the type of education for the purpose of subsequent treatment of the identified disease.

The results of a breast biopsy will be known a few days after the procedure. The pathologist should carefully study the samples of the tissues obtained and draw up an opinion that will reflect all the necessary information about the size, tissue location, consistency, color, presence or absence of cancer cells. It should be noted that the results of biopsy, indicating the presence of a benign tumor, should coincide with the opinion of the attending physician. If the doctor doubts the diagnosis, seeing the cancer symptoms as a result of the mammogram, you will need to repeat the biopsy, as well as further research.

If cancer cells are found in biopsy specimens, the pathologist should in the conclusion indicate information about the type of malignant formation, its hormone dependence and other factors that will subsequently influence the choice of the treatment regimen. Depending on the conclusion (morphological, histological) obtained in the study of biopsies, the results of a breast biopsy can be divided into the following groups:

• Normal - indicating the shape and size of cells that are within the norm; while no additional atypical inclusions and bodies were detected.
• Incomplete - indicate the need for an additional survey due to ambiguous data, or insufficient amount of material taken.
• Non-cancerous - indicating the presence of abnormal clusters of cells in the tissue samples or any atypical compounds, the nature of which is not associated with the tumor process. Such information may indicate a cyst, an inflammatory process, or mastitis of the breast.
• Benign - indicate the presence of a tumor, but without a "coronary growth" zone characteristic of the cancer, as well as cell strains.
• Malignant - such results after a biopsy testify to presence of the cancer tumor, its specific localization, the form and borders, a stage of development. In this case, there are clear changes in the cells due to the malignancy of the tumor process.

Complications after breast biopsy

Breast biopsy with the correct procedure is not very traumatic, but there are a number of risks and possible complications, mainly related to the infectious process. Concerning risks, it is necessary to note contraindications to the procedure for pregnant women, as well as patients taking anticoagulants. It is important to inform the doctor in advance about possible allergic reactions of the body to certain medications.

Complications after a breast biopsy are manifested in the form of extensive bruising, swelling, changes in the shape of the breast, fever, redness of the puncture site during biopsy. There are also various discharge from the wound, which indicates the penetration of the infection. In such cases, you should immediately seek medical help from a doctor, because the infection requires immediate treatment.

If general anesthesia was used in biopsy, complications such as temporary disorientation, dizziness, nausea are possible. Usually, uncomfortable symptoms take place within 24 hours after surgery. Despite the possibility of complications, timely diagnosis is the most important, so it is so important to compare the risks from the biopsy procedure with the risks from the development of the tumor process. It can be a specific threat not only to health, but also to a person's life.

[26], [27], [28], [29], [30]

Where to make a biopsy of the breast?

A biopsy of the breast is performed in a medical institution, outpatient.

Many women before the procedure are wondering where to do a breast biopsy? The answer will depend only on the decision of the woman herself. It can be a state polyclinic, a modern mammalian medical center, an oncology laboratory, or a private clinic. Often after the examination, the doctor offers the patient a specific place for the procedure. The specialists of well-established clinics carefully approach the implementation of this procedure, which makes it possible to accurately determine the presence and nature of the proposed education.

In the medical center, the patient will be given the necessary recommendations, will help to prepare mentally for the biopsy of the breast, and also answer all questions related to the technique of this surgical manipulation and the risk of possible complications. The doctor will determine the type of biopsy, which will be necessary to diagnose pathology in the mammary gland. Among the modern types of biopsies are:

• Puncture (tissue is sampled for further investigation by introducing a special thin needle into the mammary gland);
• Excision (with the use of local anesthesia, removal of the revealed compaction is carried out for the subsequent cytological examination);
• Injection (removal of the affected tissue of the organ occurs);
• Aspiration (suction of the contents of the cysts by a syringe is carried out).

The price of a breast biopsy

A biopsy of the breast in the state polyclinics according to the indication of the attending physician is almost always free of charge. It should be noted that the record for a biopsy procedure can involve a rather long waiting period. In some cases, when appointing a biopsy, the doctor can recommend the patient to carry out this diagnostic study in a paid private clique because of the lack of quality equipment or qualified specialists.

The price of a breast biopsy in a private clinic or medical center will depend on several factors. First of all, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of the procedure, as well as the type of biopsy, since if the need for several punctures, respectively, the total cost of the procedure itself also increases.

The decision on the site of the biopsy ultimately remains with the patient. You can ask about the prices for this type of procedure in several clinics at once in order to choose the best option, taking into account your financial capabilities. Of course, the importance of the clinic's authority, the availability of modern equipment, as well as the high professionalism of medical specialists is of utmost importance. Therefore, the price is not so important when it comes to human health.

Reviews of breast biopsy

Breast biopsy is a serious matter and almost always causes anxiety, fear and fear in women. Despite the doctor's explanation about the need for this procedure, many women try to avoid this method and look for information in online sources, as well as consulting with other medical specialists. However, if there are serious changes in the mammary gland, and this is confirmed by a number of medical studies, in particular, such as mammography and ultrasound, biopsy is inevitable.

Reviews about breast biopsy can be read on Internet forums where, in the overwhelming majority of women who survive this procedure, express their opinion about its necessity and extreme importance. After all, it is with biopsy that you can get reliable and accurate information about changes in the tissues of the breast in order to identify the disease at the earliest stage and begin effective treatment.

Breast biopsy is simply necessary to diagnose cancer and accurately determine the nature of the tumor. Carefully examining the cellular material taken by means of biopsy, the doctor will be able not only to determine the malignancy or good quality of the pathology, but also to reveal the extent of the lesion of the breast. When planning surgical intervention, the need for biopsy is increasing.