Bone sarcoma

Bone sarcoma is a malignant tumor that occurs primarily in hard tissues, primarily in bones, in the human body.

Today, as with many other types of oncological lesions, it seems difficult to give a precise answer to the question of what are the exact mechanisms of development of this disease. It can only be stated with good reason that this type of cancer is characterized by aggressive properties, and it is primary, that is, such that its appearance is not caused by the presence of any other oncology.

According to the relevant medical statistics, the greatest number of cases of bone sarcoma occurs in the age period of 14-27 years. At the same time, there is a pattern of prevalence in the total number of all patients, mainly male patients. Bone sarcomas tend to form in such typical locations in the human body as the bones of the knee joint, in the pelvic bones and in the shoulder girdle. Whether it is possible to assert that the factor determining the occurrence of such a disease is the physical activity of young people at this age or it is associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of these parts of the skeletal system, oncologists have not yet fully clarified.

Bone sarcoma is an uncommon, yet quite serious cancer that can affect children, teenagers, and young adults. This bone oncology is difficult to differentiate, and the onset of its clinical manifestations often occurs as a result of various types of trauma.

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Causes of bone sarcoma

The causes of bone sarcoma have not been fully established by medical science.

With a high frequency of cases, this malignant disease occurs due to various traumatic effects suffered by a person. However, it is necessary to take into account that trauma is likely to act only as an unfavorable factor provoking the onset of bone sarcoma progression. In this case, trauma is nothing more than a trigger for such a pathological process.

In addition to trauma and damage to the bone, the negative effects produced by various viruses, carcinogenic substances and chemical compounds are among the causes that can, with a high degree of probability, provoke the occurrence of this type of oncological neoplasm.

The same category of factors that cause an increased risk of bone sarcoma development includes exposure to active ionizing radiation. Due to these reasons, the growth processes of special cells that are not typical for the original type of tissue in which they develop are activated. These are the so-called atypical or low-differentiated cells, i.e. the clusters they form are cancer in its low-differentiated form. In this case, the cellular structure undergoes very significant transformations, which are characterized by very negative properties.

The presence of benign bone diseases, such as fibrous dysplasia and Paget's disease, can also act as prerequisites for the development of bone sarcoma against their background.

Based on the fact that bone sarcoma is predominantly detected in adolescent boys, it is suggested that one of its causes may be the processes of active body growth during this period, when bone tissue grows with great intensity. There is a direct dependence of the frequency of bone sarcoma cases on the higher the body height of the teenager. That is, tall boys in adolescence are primarily at risk.

So, the causes of bone sarcoma, as can be summarized, are divided into three main groups of factors. These are traumatic, carcinogenic effects of substances harmful to humans and radiation, as well as the processes of bone elongation during the period of active growth of adolescents.

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Symptoms of bone sarcoma

Symptoms of bone sarcoma as its most characteristic manifestations are reflected in pain that occurs in the early stages of the disease. The appearance of pain is not associated with whether there was any physical activity, or in what position the patient's body is. At first, the appearance of pain occurs episodically, and they are very vague, but later they begin to localize in the corresponding areas of the body. Painful sensations can be constant, increase in intensity, and have a nagging, deep character. At rest, the severity of pain symptoms is usually small, but at night, an increase in their intensity is often noted, which in turn provokes sleep disorders, causing insomnia.

The tumor formation in bone sarcoma is dense, immobilely attached to the bone, does not have clear boundaries, and may not cause pain upon palpation, or may cause moderate pain.

When, as the pathological process of the disease progresses, the tumor spreads over a large area of the bone, significant destruction of functional cells occurs, which causes increased fragility of the bones. The risk of fractures increases significantly, even small bruises and light falls can damage the integrity of the bone.

A large bone sarcoma can be visualized, but since cancerous formations are not characterized by inflammatory processes, the temperature and color of the skin do not change. Therefore, such signs as an increase in local temperature and dilated subcutaneous veins should not be associated with the phenomenon of hyperemia of inflammatory genesis.

As the severity of the disease continues to increase, joint contracture increases in a short period of time, and atrophic processes develop in the muscles. Therefore, the patient is forced to go on permanent bed rest.

Children experience a number of characteristic symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Symptoms of bone sarcoma form a clinical picture of the disease, in which pain is present, a tumor formation occurs, and dysfunction occurs. In each specific clinical case, signs characteristic of inflammation are not detected. Based on this, there is a relevance of radiological diagnostics, and then - the use of morphological research methods.

Sarcoma of the femur

Femoral sarcoma can be a disease of either primary or secondary nature. This means that its occurrence

It occurs both in the tissues of the upper leg itself, and in addition to this, sarcoma can act as a metastasis developing from other tumor localization sites in the human body.

The appearance of metastases in the femoral bones and in the soft tissues of the thigh is often associated with the presence of sarcoma in those organs that are located in the small pelvis, when its neoplasms are present in the genitourinary system, as well as in the spine in its sacrococcygeal section. The occurrence of this type of tumor in the thigh area is also a fairly common case associated with the existence of such a phenomenon as Ewing's sarcoma.

The clinical picture of femoral bone sarcoma is often characterized by the fact that as it progresses, the pathological process spreads either to the knee joint or in the direction of the hip joint. Within a short time, the adjacent soft tissues also become involved. The tumor formation is mainly observed as a bone sarcomatous node, but sometimes a periosteal type of development may occur, in which spread along the diaphysis (longitudinal axis) of the bone is observed.

If the cartilage surfaces of nearby joints are affected, chondrous osteosarcoma of the hip develops. Since the structure of the tissues that make up the bone is weakened due to tumor growth, the likelihood of hip bone fractures increases significantly.

This malignant formation of the femur does not usually have among its manifestations the occurrence of significantly expressed pain sensations. The occurrence of pain syndrome is mainly caused by compression of nearby nerve pathways. The pain can cover almost the entire lower limb, including the toes.

The main danger that femoral sarcoma represents is, first of all, that there is a tendency for its rapid spread and an increase in the amount of tissue affected.

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Sarcoma of the tibia

Sarcoma of the tibia is the most common case of osteogenic sarcoma, which is characterized by development directly from the bones of the extremities (primary tumor), with localization in the vicinity of areas where large joints are located. These are primarily the tibia and femur. This oncological disease is characterized by the occurrence of a malignant tumor with aggressive properties. The bone structure as a result of the presence of a tumor at the site of its localization (in this case, it is the long tubular tibia) undergoes significant disturbances, the fragility and brittleness of the bone increases. The risk of fractures increases significantly even due to the most minor traumatic factors. To avoid this, with sarcoma of the tibia, fixation of the affected lower limb by applying a plaster splint or some other more modern material can often be justified.

In this disease, there is a possibility of metastasis to other bones, as well as to the lungs. Pulmonary micrometastases may be present with approximately 80 percent probability, and they are not detectable by X-ray examination.

Today, various histological varieties of osteogenic sarcoma are known, differing in the degree of negative impact on the bone, each showing its own clinical picture, and responding to treatment to varying degrees. Before starting therapeutic treatment, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination of the patient. This is required to determine how widespread the tumor process is, at what stage the disease is, in order to draw up a plan of appropriate medical measures. Sarcoma of the tibia is characterized by a prognostic factor of survival in general, more favorable than when the femur, pelvic bones or bones in the upper limbs are affected.

Sarcoma of the humerus

Sarcoma of the humerus belongs to those cancerous lesions of the human limbs that are characterized as secondary. That is, the occurrence of a malignant formation in the humeral bone is caused by the spread of a certain oncology that takes place in the body.

At the initial stage of the development of the pathological process, humeral sarcoma does not tend to declare itself with any pronounced complex of characteristic clinical manifestations. The sarcomatous neoplasm is hidden under muscle tissue, where over time it spreads periosteally in the body of the bone.

The more the intensity of the negative processes associated with the progression of this disease increases, the more obvious the symptoms become. In particular, as the tumor grows, it compresses and damages the blood vessels and nerve pathways in the shoulder. When the sarcoma spreads upwards to the brachial plexus, which is responsible for the innervation of the entire arm, these nerve endings, being compressed, give rise to pain syndrome in the upper limb. The entire arm from the shoulder to the nails becomes painful, its sensitivity is impaired. This causes a burning sensation in the limb affected by the sarcoma, it becomes numb, and an illusion of ants crawling on the skin arises.

In addition, motor functions are impaired, the hand becomes weak, muscle tone decreases, and fine motor skills of the fingers deteriorate. The patient partially loses the ability to manipulate various objects and even simply hold them in his hand.

Due to humeral bone sarcoma, the bone structure weakens, which is fraught with the possibility of frequent shoulder fractures. Moreover, even the slightest mechanical impact can cause such an injury with such a disease.

This sarcoma is often accompanied by the involvement of the shoulder joint in the process of pathological progress. Painful sensations gradually increase in it, the degree of freedom of movement decreases. Actions in which the arm is raised up or pulled back become difficult and are accompanied by pain.

Sarcoma of the humerus is a secondary cancerous disease that metastasizes mainly from nearby regional lymph nodes such as: submandibular and sublingual, in the supraclavicular and subclavian region, in the armpit area, etc. Sarcoma can also be transmitted to the shoulder of the upper limb from tumors in the head, neck, chest, from the spine in its thoracic and cervical regions. Sometimes the phenomenon of distant metastases is also noted from other parts of the body.

Sarcoma of the frontal bone

In most cases, frontal bone sarcoma can be characterized as osteogenic sarcoma, localized primarily in the frontal and occipital bones of the skull.

The greatest number of clinical cases of this disease are recorded in young and middle-aged patients. The tumor formation has a wide base and a flattened spherical or ovoid shape. It is a solid, limited tumor formed by spongy or compact bone substance, and is characterized by a fairly long growth time.

There are such types of this kind of neoplasm as invasive and endovascular. The first form of them demonstrates properties inherent in all other intracranial tumors, since it grows in the cranial bone and in some cases can extend into the cranial cavity. This pathological process is accompanied by the appearance of a corresponding symptom complex. Such symptoms are characterized by an increase in the level of intracranial pressure, and in addition to this, the emergence of other focal phenomena localized in accordance with the place where the tumor is located inside the cranial cavity.

The main diagnostic measure is an X-ray examination. According to its results, the neoplasm looks like a thick shadow with a clearly defined contour. According to the X-ray data, the direction of tumor growth is determined - into the cranial cavity or into the frontal sinuses. The detection of an intracranial direction of tumor growth, especially if it penetrates into the cranial cavity, causes a critical need to remove the tumor.

Less dangerous is the case when the frontal bone sarcoma has an endovascular growth direction, i.e. when the pathological bone formation is located on the outer surface of the skull. In this case, osteogenic sarcoma of the frontal bone, even if it is large, can cause mainly only cosmetic inconvenience.

Pelvic bone sarcoma

Pelvic bone sarcoma is a tumor developing in bone tissues, occurring with a relatively small frequency of clinical cases. Having this localization in the human body is mainly characteristic of Ewing's sarcoma. Tumor formation affecting the pelvic bones is more common among male patients than among women. A person can first encounter manifestations of this oncological disease in childhood or adolescence.

Initial symptoms that may indicate the development of pelvic bone sarcoma are, as a rule, the occurrence of dull pains, not very intense, in the pelvic and buttock area. They are often accompanied by an increase in body temperature, however, not too significantly and for a short period of time. Pain increases mainly during walking, especially when the sarcoma affects the hip joint.

As the size of the neoplasm in the pelvic bones increases and the pathological dynamics covers new tissues and organs, the symptoms of pain increase. In the case of close location of the tumor to the skin, a protrusion begins to be noted. The skin becomes thinner and a pattern formed by a network of vessels is visualized through it. In addition, due to the growth of pelvic bone sarcoma, there is a displacement and compression of organs, blood vessels and nerve pathways located in close proximity to it. This leads to a disruption of their normal functioning. The direction of the spread of pain syndrome is determined by which nerves the tumor produces such a negative effect. Painful sensations, based on this, can occur in the thigh, in the perineum, in the genitals.

Pelvic bone sarcoma is characterized by pronounced malignant properties, which is reflected in the high rate of progression of the pathological process and the early onset of metastasis to other organs.

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Sarcoma of the hip bone

The bones that make up the pelvis are organs of secondary ossification, which means that the cartilaginous stage does not occur during the period of intrauterine development of the child, but after birth. Due to this circumstance, among oncology localized in the pelvic bones, one can equally encounter both osteosarcoma, which develops from bone tissue itself, and chondrosarcoma, the basis for which is cartilaginous tissue.

Quite common is also such a pathological phenomenon as sarcoma of the hip bone - this is what sarcoma of the hip joint is often called. The human body does not contain anything else that would be similar to such a bone formation. From the union of the femur and pelvic bone, where they articulate, there is a special formation in the form of a hip joint.

Sarcomatous lesions during the progression of the pathological process provoke the occurrence of mobility restrictions and lead to the appearance of painful contractures. As this type of malignant lesion develops further, the degree of expression of painful sensations during palpation increases. The pain syndrome tends to intensify at night. A characteristic feature in this regard is that the use of painkillers does not show sufficient effectiveness. And in addition, such pains do not show a dependence on the level of physical activity during the day.

Sarcoma of the hip bone is an oncology with extremely aggressive properties. With it, already at fairly early stages of the development of this cancer, metastasis begins, and the most diverse organs are involved in these pathological processes. Metastases through the circulatory system appear in the lungs, in the brain, etc.

Sarcoma of the ilium

The pelvic skeleton is formed by a combination of such bones as the ilium, pubis and ischium. All these bones are paired and, when connected to each other, have the appearance of a bone ring, which closes the bone wedge formed by the coccygeal and sacral bones at the back. In each of these pelvic bones, as a result of exposure to certain unfavorable factors, a malignant disease can begin to develop. The most common type is sarcomatous lesions. Sarcoma of the ilium is often among them.

The ilium is the largest bone in the pelvis. Its right or left wing usually contains one of the two most common clinical cases. This is osteogenic sarcoma, or Ewing's sarcoma.

Osteogenic sarcoma of the ilium primarily affects children, since their typical sarcoma localization is flat bones. Due to the fact that diagnosing this oncology at early stages is associated with significant difficulties, when hospitalized, early childhood patients already have metastasis in their lungs and the condition is often incurable, i.e., not amenable to treatment. Older children may suffer from sarcoma, which, arising at the base of the ilium, spreads over its wing over time.

Despite the fact that Ewing's sarcoma is characterized by being located mainly in long tubular bones, in their diaphyseal sections, it can also be localized in flat bones, including one of the wings of the ilium. This occurs in slightly less than half of all cases.

Sarcoma of the ilium, among all other cancerous tumors in the pelvic bones, is a fairly common pathological phenomenon, which affects both children and adults. Their treatment is in many cases a very difficult process and requires both significant medical efforts and takes a lot of energy from the patient. Difficulties begin already at the stage of diagnosing the disease, since it is difficult to diagnose in an X-ray study. To clearly clarify the diagnosis, an open biopsy is usually required. Radiological therapy is ineffective.

Parosteal sarcoma of bone

Parosteal bone sarcoma is characterized as one of the forms of malignant bone lesions that osteosarcomas can take. This disease is noted in approximately 4% of all cases of sarcomas developing in bone tissue, which classifies this type of bone oncology as a rare tumor.

The specific properties of parosteal bone sarcoma are that its growth and spread occur along the bone surface without significant penetration into its depth. Another characteristic feature that distinguishes this sarcoma from the bulk of all other bone cancer tumors is its comparatively lower rate of progression of the pathological process. Based on this, it can be stated that parosteal bone sarcoma also has a somewhat lower expression of its malignant properties.

The typical localization for this sarcoma is the knee joint, in this location its tumor formation is detected in more than 2/3 of all cases. In addition, the tumor can develop on the tibia and in the proximal part of the humerus.

As for the age range, which outlines the period in which bone lesions of this kind most often occur, about 70% of clinical cases are observed in people over 30 years of age. It is much less common in children under 10 years of age, as well as in people over 60 years of age.

By gender, the incidence rate is distributed approximately equally between men and women.

Sarcomatous neoplasm demonstrates the symptom of pain when pressed, when palpated it is revealed as a dense fixed mass. Among the most basic manifestations, the presence of swelling is observed first, and then - painful sensations.

Due to the significantly extended progression of the disease, the diagnosis may be preceded by clinical symptoms from 1 year to 5 years or more. In some cases, this period may reach 15 years.

Parosteal bone sarcoma has a favorable prognosis after surgical removal if there is no invasion into the bone marrow canal. Unsuccessful surgical intervention can cause a relapse and lead to tumor dedifferentiation with a 20% probability.

Bone sarcoma in children

Bone sarcoma in children is represented mainly by various osteosarcomas and Ewing's sarcoma.

Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma is an oncological tumor formed from malignantly degenerated cells in bone tissue. This lesion mainly occurs in the long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities. The pathological process, as a rule, affects the metaphysis, which is located in the tubular bone between its central part and the end part, where it expands. The role of the metaphysis is very important for bone growth in childhood. There is a possibility that adjacent tendons, muscle and fat tissues will be involved in the area of tumor spreading, which increases over time. Through the circulatory system, pathological cells are able to reach various parts of the body, metastasizing them. The most typical are metastases in the lungs, but their appearance is not excluded in a number of other organs, including other bones and the brain.

Ewing's sarcoma is the most common type of sarcoma in children, right after osteosarcomas. This type of sarcoma is a cancerous bone lesion, which accounts for an extremely small number of clinical cases in people under 5 years of age and in people over 30 years of age. The majority of patients are children entering adolescence. In the age group from 10 to 15 years, boys to some extent predominate over girls.

The increased probability of this type of oncology may be due to the presence of benign tumor formations in the bone, such as enchondromas, as well as due to some disturbances in the functioning of the child's genitourinary system. The widespread assumption that some traumatic factor may act as a trigger is not without some basis. However, it is often difficult to reliably confirm that the development of sarcoma is provoked by fractures or bruises. After all, between the actual traumatic impact and the moment when the tumor is detected, a time interval of varying duration may extend.

The difference in the nature of pain in such a sarcomatous bone lesion and pain due to trauma is that even when the limb is fixed, the intensity does not decrease, but, on the contrary, continues to increase.

Metastasis to other organs in the body caused by bone sarcoma leads to corresponding symptoms. Such as: increased body temperature, general weakness and fatigue, the child begins to lose weight.

Bone sarcoma in children is often detected at diagnosis no earlier than several months after its initial manifestations. Often, the occurrence of pain and swelling is attributed to inflammation or injury. When a child develops prolonged bone pain of unexplained origin, it is recommended to consult an oncologist.

Late stage bone sarcoma

The clinical course of the disease, in the process of gradual increase in pathological changes caused by it in the body, goes through two main phases.

During the first of them - benign, at the initial stages of the disease development, a dense, immobile, lumpy neoplasm is observed, not characterized by pain. The presence of a tumor does not lead to any significant limitation of mobility of the joint located with the place of its localization. Such a condition can be observed without visible changes for a period of up to several months.

However, over time, the benign phase sooner or later begins to give way to a malignant one. Activation of bone sarcoma progression is accompanied by an increase in the growth rate of the tumor, increased pain symptoms and impaired joint function. Pain appears at the early stages of sarcomatous bone lesions. This is due to the fact that under the negative impact of the neoplasm, the functional properties of bone tissue are impaired. The degree of expression of pain, mainly aching in nature, is not affected by the position of the patient's body; it occurs in the form of sharp increasing attacks that occur mainly at night.

As bone sarcoma becomes more and more malignant, this disease causes negative changes in the functioning of the affected limb. The malignant tumor spreads to a large number of tissues, aggressively destroying living cells, with an ever-increasing rate, the freedom of movement of the joint is significantly limited, and muscle atrophy processes develop.

The 4th, final stage of bone sarcoma is approaching, which is diagnosed regardless of the size of the tumor formation, based on the phenomena of distant metastasis of organs and regional lymph nodes. The patient is immobilized and has to constantly stay in bed.

Bone oncology is an extremely serious disease that can pose an immediate threat to the patient's life. Therefore, before the last stage of bone sarcoma occurs, which causes a very unfavorable prognosis, it is necessary to immediately begin treatment. Today, there are surgical techniques that allow the patient to get rid of the pathological neoplasm without resorting to the removal of the affected organ. If the tumor is diagnosed in a timely manner, then, being still at a local stage, it responds well to combined treatment.

Diagnosis of bone sarcoma

Bone sarcoma diagnostics is based on the fact that such clinical data as pain symptoms, the presence of plus tissue - as they say about a tumor formation, as well as the observed disturbances in the functioning of the affected organ are compared in a complex. In addition, data obtained as a result of radiography and morphology studies are analyzed.

Radiographic picture of bone sarcoma in approximately 40% of cases shows osteolytic sarcoma, 20% of observations indicate osteoplastic sarcoma. The remaining number includes various bone sarcomas of mixed type.

Osteolytic bone sarcoma appears as foci of destruction with peeling periosteum, localized in the terminal parts of the bones. Osteoplastic sarcoma is characterized by the formation of a cloud-like bone compaction, in which the bone loses its structure, and there are also minor foci of osteoporosis.

One of the earliest signs that can suggest bone sarcoma is the detection of spicules – thin plates of periosteum that extend radially from the surface of the bone.

A very small percentage of cases (from 1 to 1.5% of primary bone oncology) is juxtacortical or paraosseous bone sarcoma. The basis for its development is the connective tissue adjacent to the bones. The neoplasm occurs in long tubular bones near the knee, elbow, and hip joint.

Diagnosis of bone sarcoma, as can be summarized from all of the above, primarily involves conducting a radiographic study, as well as analyzing the morphological material. Obtaining samples for morphology occurs through a puncture, for which a needle with a mandrin is used.

When making a final diagnosis, data obtained from examining the histological section under a microscope are taken into account.

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Treatment of bone sarcoma

Treatment of bone sarcoma, as well as sarcomas of all other types, can be effective to the extent that the disease is diagnosed at an earlier stage of the pathological process. The next fundamental aspect of successful treatment is the use of complex therapeutic measures.

A number of drugs are used in treatment, among which we will name the following, for example.

Adriamycin is an antitumor antibiotic. It is a preparation in the form of a powder of 0.01 g in a bottle. The package contains a bottle with 5 ml of liquid for injection. It is administered intravenously once a day for 3 days, which is one course of treatment. The course can be repeated after 4-7 days - 3-4 injections every other day. The daily single dose should not exceed the ratio of 0.4-08 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The use of this drug is associated with the risk of developing anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, arterial hypotension, heart failure, heart pain.

Imidazole carboxamide is an antitumor cytostatic. It is presented as a dry substance for injection in 0.1-0.2 g vials. A solvent is included with it. It is intended for intravenous or, depending on the indications, intra-arterial administration as part of monotherapy in cycles of 5 to 6 days with an interval of 3 weeks between cycles. The daily dose is 150-250 mg/m2. May cause side effects in the form of pain at the injection site, general weakness of the body, headaches, critical loss of appetite (anorexia), nausea, vomiting, constipation.

Methotrexate - 2.5 mg film-coated tablets, 50 pcs. in a polymer jar. Taken orally at 15-30 mg per day. The drug can cause a number of negative side effects: aplastic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, itching of the skin, urticaria, skin rashes.

Cyclophosphamide, powder for injection - in 200 mg vials. The dosage regimen is set individually, based on the existing stage of the lesion, the condition of the patient's hematopoietic system, and the chosen antitumor therapy regimen. Negative side effects of use may include: headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, development of anemia thrombocytopenia, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, urticaria, skin rashes, anaphylactic reactions.

Surgical methods of treating bone sarcoma involve exarticulation or amputation of the affected limb.

Some time ago, surgical intervention for surgical excision of this malignant formation was considered to be the only possible way to treat bone sarcoma. However, today there are a sufficient number of methods demonstrating considerable effectiveness in the fight against such oncology. Among them is the use of radiation therapy, and in addition, modern pharmacology has a wide range of drugs with active antitumor action.

Prevention of bone sarcoma

It is obvious from medical statistics that even the most modern methods of treating oncological lesions often cannot guarantee the achievement of complete regression of the disease and its remission over a long period of time. In the number of completely cured patients, the count still continues to go to units. And, therefore, if malignant processes in the human body are so difficult to treat, the issue of prevention becomes more relevant. Or, at least, reducing the risk of development. Thus, the prevention of bone sarcoma is seen primarily in determining the risk group of people who may have prerequisites for the development of this type of cancer. And in relation to those who have suffered from bone sarcoma and who have undergone a course of therapeutic treatment, or have undergone surgery to remove such a tumor, it is necessary to be monitored by an oncologist, which is secondary prevention. This means that in addition to regular medical examinations, it is also necessary to undergo examination using various diagnostic methods - chest X-ray, osteoscintigraphy, MRI of the bone where the sarcomatous lesion is localized.

The nature of all oncological diseases is such that even after the patient has been cured of the tumor as a result of treatment, there remains a high probability of relapses and all sorts of complications. In this regard, many factors can play an important role, including lifestyle, the patient's level of physical activity, diet, habits, etc.

Prevention of bone sarcoma is certainly important, but if this diagnosis is made, it should not be taken as a death sentence. A responsible attitude to the treatment process and subsequent rehabilitation will help to overcome all difficulties.

Bone sarcoma prognosis

The prognosis of bone sarcoma is determined based on an objective assessment of a wide variety of factors associated with the course of the disease, the general condition of the patient, etc. The leading role in predicting the outcome of this type of bone oncology is given to the stage at which the development of the pathological process is at the time of diagnosis and diagnosis. The level of development of modern medical science gives every reason for considerable confidence that the treatment will bring a positive result. The case when the presence of the disease is detected at the earliest possible stages of the progression of its malignant manifestations is fundamental for the success of medical measures.

The use of progressive methods of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as well as other gentle methods in combination with radiotherapy and surgical intervention, helps to increase the survival rate of patients with osteogenic sarcoma and with the presence of lung metastases.

As a result of the radical surgical approach to the treatment of bone sarcoma in the realities of the present time, it is possible to preserve the limb in more than 80 percent of patients. Conducting chemotherapy in the postoperative period contributes to even better results.

The 5-year survival rates for localized osteosarcoma are over 70 percent. The prognosis for bone sarcoma in patients with chemotherapy-sensitive tumors is such that survival rates are between 80 and 90 percent.