The immune system

Specific immunity: development and establishment

Specific immunological reactions are performed by the body's immune system, which consists of central and peripheral organs of immunogenesis. Specific immunity when exposed to a certain antigen is carried out by T- and B-lymphocytes. The intrauterine period demonstrates intensive dynamics of maturation of the lymphoid system.

Age-related changes in cellular immunity in children

In the diagnosis of various disease states in the immunocompetent system of both the fetus and the newborn child and children of later periods of life, methods for determining the degree of maturity and differentiation of individual populations or subpopulations of lymphocytes are of significant importance.

Immunoglobulin classes and their age-related dynamics

Human immunoglobulins are quite heterogeneous and are represented by 5 classes and several subclasses. They are detected in the blood at different age periods and at different times reach concentrations characteristic of adults. ω α γ β

Innate immunity

Innate immunity (natural, hereditary, non-specific resistance) uses non-specific protective factors to neutralize the antigen, in contrast to acquired immunity, which protects against strictly defined antigens.

Lymph nodes and the immune system

Lymph nodes (hodi lymphatici) are the most numerous organs of the immune system and serve as biological filters for the lymph (tissue fluid) flowing through them.

Spleen

The spleen (lien, s.splen) performs the functions of immune control of the blood. It is located on the path of blood flow from the main vessel of the systemic circulation - the aorta to the portal vein system, branching in the liver.

Lymphoid plaques of the small intestine

Lymphoid plaques (noduli lymphoidei aggregati), or as they are also called, Peyer's patches, are nodular accumulations of lymphoid tissue. The plaques are located in the walls of the small intestine, mainly its final section - the ileum, in the thickness of the mucous membrane and in the submucosa. In these places, the muscular plate of the mucous membrane is interrupted or absent.

Single lymphoid nodules.

Solitary lymphoid nodules (noduli lymphoidei solitarii) are found in the thickness of the mucous membrane and in the submucosa of the digestive system organs (pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder), respiratory organs (larynx, trachea, main, lobar and segmental bronchi), as well as in the walls of the ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Lymphoid nodules of the vermiform process

Lymphoid nodules of the appendix (noduli lymphoidei appendicis vermiformis) during the period of their maximum development (after birth and up to 16-17 years) are located in the mucous membrane and in the submucosa throughout the entire length of this organ - from its base (near the cecum) to the apex.

The tubal tonsil

The tubal tonsil (tonsilla tubaria) is paired and is a cluster of lymphoid tissue in the form of a discontinuous plate in the thickness of the mucous membrane of the tubal ridge, in the area of the pharyngeal opening and the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube.

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