Violation of the development of speech and language in the child

Violation of the development of speech and language - a group of violations in which normal speech development is violated from an early age and is in significant disparity with the overall level of cognitive functioning.

ICD-10 code

• F80.0 Specific disorder of speech articulation.
• F80.1 Disorder of expressive speech.
• F80.2 Disorder of receptive speech.
• F80.8 Other speech disorders.

Epidemiology

There is no precise data on the prevalence of specific disorders of speech and language development, since there are no clearly delineated distinctions with extreme variants of the norm. The fact of prevalence of these conditions in boys is established.

Causes and pathogenesis of speech and language development disorders

The reason for the specific disorders of speech and language is a complex, completely unexplored character. Presumably, the delay is caused by the ripening of neural connections due to organic damage to the speech zones of the cortex. Mediocre factors can affect the disturbance of the developing function of speech, but they are not of paramount importance. There is evidence of a significant role of genetic factors.

Symptoms of speech and language development disorder

The main clinical characteristic of specific disorders of speech and language development is the later mastery of colloquial speech (in comparison with age norms), which, unlike mental retardation, does not correspond to the overall level of cognitive functioning of the child.

Diagnosis of speech and language development disorder

The course of ontogenetic development, including the development of speech and language, is genetically programmed. The degree of implementation of this program largely depends on the surrounding conditions - the characteristics of upbringing, emotional and sensory deprivation, additional exogenous-organic effects on the developing brain. Each child's speed and timing of speech development are individualized. Evaluation of speech development is carried out on the basis of comparing the timing of the formation of individual speech functions with the development standards that are characteristic of the majority of children.

Stages of development of speech of a normal child (GV Kozlovskaya and others, 2007).

• By 8 months for an expressive speech is characterized by active babbling, speech imitation, syllabic speech; Impressive speech is characterized by an understanding of the first verbal instructions: "give", "where", "on".
• By 10 months for expressive speech paired babble words are characteristic, copying of intonation of an adult, for an impressive speech - understanding of permission, prohibition and a number of other verbal instructions.
• By 12 months, expressive speech is characterized by a stock of 8-10 words; for an impressive speech characterized by subjective correlation of words and specific situations, the understanding of speech, individual instructions.
• At the age of 1 year 3 months expressive speech is characterized by a stock of 10-30 words; for an impressive speech characterized by an understanding of the image of individual objects and situations.
• By 1 year 9 months the reserve of words increases to 60, the first phrases appear; the child performs simple instructions, learns the objects in the picture.
• A rapid leap is celebrated to two years. Vocabulary 200-300 words, the first questions appear. For an impressive speech to this age is characterized by an understanding of the name of actions in different situations, a two-step instruction.
• By the age of three, most children have formed a phrase expressively expressive speech. The child retells simple poems and fairy tales. He understands and uses the question "why" in the speech, understands the meaning of the prepositions "under", "from", "on", "in", etc.

Treatment of speech and language development disorder

Correction of specific disorders of speech development requires a professional approach with the participation of a speech therapist, a defectologist, a psychologist, a psychiatrist depending on the severity and type of disorders, the presence of concomitant psychological problems and psychopathological disorders.

The complex of treatment and rehabilitation measures provides for a combination of speech therapy, psychotherapy and symptomatic drug treatment. The educational system provides the following forms of providing assistance to this contingent of children:

• logopedic kindergartens and pre-school educational complexes for children with speech impairment;
• special (correctional) general education schools for children with speech pathology ("speech" schools);
• centers of psychological, medical and social support.

In the health care system, specialized children's speech pathology centers are provided in the form of structural subdivisions of scientific research institutes, large hospitals and outpatient institutions.

Forecast

The tendency to reduce the occurrence of speech disorders as the child grows up.

Prevention

The creation for the child from an early age of socio-psychological conditions for normal speech development. Early detection of congenital or acquired forms of speech pathology with the provision of adequate therapeutic and rehabilitation and pedagogical measures.