Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children and adults

Mycoplasma pneumonia requires a comprehensive approach to the elimination of pathogens. Treatment of atypical inflammation of the lungs completely depends on the results of the diagnosis, the presence of chronic diseases and the general condition of the patient.

• At the first stage antibacterial preparations for the destruction of mycoplasma infection are prescribed. The most commonly used antibiotics are tetracycline. To determine the most suitable preparation, sputum culture is shown for susceptibility to antibiotics.
• At the second stage, patients are prescribed expectorant drugs to dilute and accelerate sputum discharge, that is, improve the drainage function of the bronchi. Anti-inflammatory and antihistamines are also prescribed to eliminate painful symptoms.
• To accelerate the recovery is recommended taking fortified and vitaminized drugs. They increase the protective properties of the immune system. Recommended detoxification therapy, that is, a plentiful drink to remove the products of the exchange of viruses and bacteria. In especially severe cases, specific immunopreparations are prescribed.

To improve the patient's condition, special physiotherapy procedures are prescribed: breathing exercises, vacuum massage, physical exercises, mustards, compresses. There are also non-traditional methods of treatment with the use of medicinal herbs. An integrated approach to treatment allows to eliminate the disease without serious complications.

Schemes of Mycoplasma Treatment of Pneumonia

After the diagnosis, the doctor evaluates the results and draws up a therapy plan. Schemes of treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia depend on the neglect and severity of the disease state, the characteristics of the patient's body and the presence of concomitant pathologies.

The disease requires etiotropic treatment. To eliminate mycoplasmosis, antibiotics from the group of macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines are used for both oral and intramuscular administration. The average course of treatment is 10-14 days.

Patients may be prescribed such drugs:

• Azithromycin 250 mg once a day.
• Clarithromycin 500 mg 1-2 times a day.
• Erythromycin 500 mg 3-4 times a day.
• Levofloxacin 500 mg once a day.
• Doxycycline 100 mg 1-2 times a day.

The scheme of treatment of atypical inflammation in severe form consists of antibiotics of the cephalosporin series and Levofloxacin.

Determination of sensitivity to antibiotics

When choosing drugs for the elimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the definition of sensitivity to antibiotics is shown. At the initial stage, a bacterial culture is carried out to determine the type of pathogen and its concentration in the body. This method has a high specificity with the possibility of studying any biological fluid.

For bacteriological culture, sputum, mucus from the nose and throat are used. The collected material is placed in special media for decoding bacterial cultures. If necessary, microscopy of the obtained material with coloring, evaluation of the shape, color and density of bacterial colonies can be carried out.

After the causative agent is established, a determination is made of its sensitivity to antibiotics with the help of intradermal tests, mucus from the nasopharynx, blood and the exudate separated during coughing. The resulting antibioticogram takes into account the resistance of bacteria, that is, resistance to the pathogen. Due to this, it is possible to select the most suitable for the treatment of the drug and its dosage.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Medications

Drug therapy of mycoplasma pneumonia is carried out from the first days of the disease. Medicines are chosen by the doctor, individually for each patient. Treatment consists of the admission of such groups of drugs:

Antibiotics

1. Azithromycin

Antibacterial agent of a broad spectrum of action from the group of macrolides. Getting into the foci of inflammation creates high concentrations, having a bactericidal effect.

• Indications for use: infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract and ENT organs, scarlet fever, skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary system infections, Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: on the first day of therapy 500 mg, in the second 250 mg, and from the third to the fifth 500 mg per day. The course dose, as well as the duration of treatment is determined by the doctor for each patient individually.
• Side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, increased gas formation, increased activity of hepatic enzymes, skin allergic rashes.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the medication, severe impairment of kidney and liver function, pregnancy and lactation. With extreme caution is prescribed for patients with allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

The drug is available in the form of tablets, capsules and syrup in vials.

2. Clarithromycin

Macrolide, a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It has an extended spectrum of antibacterial action, with the creation of maximum concentrations in the lesions.

• Indications for use: pneumonia (including atypical forms), sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, folliculitis, streptoderma, erysipelas, dental infections, local and common mycobacterial infections.
• Way of application: 250 mg twice a day. In especially severe cases, the dosage can be increased. The drug is taken regardless of food, washed down with water. Duration of therapy is 5-14 days.
• Side effects: pain in the epigastric region, nausea and vomiting, changes in taste, fungal lesions of the oral mucosa. Also, headaches and dizziness, increased anxiety, cardiovascular disorders, skin allergic reactions are possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, the age of patients younger than 12 years, the first trimester of pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. For treatment recommended gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy.

The drug is available in tablet form with an enteric coating of 250 and 500 mg.

3. Spiramycin

Antibiotic-macrolide with bacteriostatic properties. Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms occurs due to inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis. The drug is active against mycoplasma pneumonia, but is resistant to pseudomonads, spiramycin enterobacteria.

• Indications for use: atypical pneumonia (associated with legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydial infection), pharyngitis, bronchitis, toxoplasmosis, skin and soft tissue infections, tonsillitis, arthritis, urethritis, otitis media, ENT diseases and gynecological infections.
• The way of application and dosage are set individually for each patient. Duration of treatment 10-14 days, preventive course 5 days.
• Side effects: skin rashes, ulceration of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, transient paresthesia, angioedema, thrombocytopenia. Overdose is manifested by the intensification of the above reactions. Antidote does not exist, treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the medication, pediatric practice, pregnancy and lactation, deficiency G6FD. With special care is prescribed for liver failure and obstruction of the biliary tract.

Produced in tablets, 10 capsules per package.

If the disease is mild, antibacterial preparations of oral forms of release are prescribed: tablets, syrups. In complicated cases, intramuscular injections are indicated.

[6], [7], [8]

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

They are used to eliminate severe intoxication syndrome: fever, chills, fever.

1. Ibuprofen

Anesthetic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. The mechanism of its action is based on inhibition of biosynthesis of prostaglandins through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase.

• Indications for use: neuralgia, complex therapy of ENT diseases, traumatic inflammation of soft tissues and musculoskeletal system, bursitis, sciatica, arthritis, adnexitis, osteoarthrosis, dental and headache.
• Method of application: with a painful syndrome of moderate intensity take 400 mg 2-3 times a day. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 2.4 g.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn and other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Headaches and sleep disorders, skin allergic reactions. In rare cases, there are erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchospasm.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the drug, diseases of the optic nerve, severe renal / hepatic dysfunction, age of patients under 6 years, hemopoiesis disorders, "aspirin" triad. Application during pregnancy and lactation is possible only for medical purposes.
• Overdose: abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, headaches and noise in the ears, acute renal failure, stopping breathing, metabolic acidosis, inhibition. For treatment, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

Ibuprofen is available as tablets with an enteric coating of 200 mg of the active ingredient in each capsule.

2. Paracetamol

Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The mechanism of its action is based on the inhibition of the center of thermoregulation and inhibition of the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and prostaglandins.

• Indications for use: symptomatic therapy of pain syndrome of various origin, states with hyperthermic reactions in infectious and inflammatory pathologies.
• The method of use depends on the form of release of the drug. For example, tablets take 350-500 mg 3-4 times a day. The maximum daily dosage is 3-4 g. The medicine is taken after a meal, washed down with a liquid.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region, increased drowsiness, renal colic, anemia, leukopenia, skin allergic reactions, muscle weakness.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the drug, renal and hepatic insufficiency. With special care is prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: increased drowsiness, pale skin, nausea, vomiting and dizziness, toxic effects on the liver.

Paracetamol has the following release forms: enteric-coated tablets, capsules and syrup for oral administration, rectal suppositories.

3. Nimesulid

NSAIDs from the sulfonanilide group. It is used to eliminate pain of various genesis, arthralgia and myalgia. The analgesic effect develops within 20 minutes. The medicine is taken 100 mg 3-4 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 400 mg.

• Side effects: increased drowsiness, dizziness and headaches, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, skin allergic reactions. Also, pathological changes in the blood picture are possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation, children's age of patients under 12 years, renal and hepatic insufficiency. With special caution is prescribed for ulcerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract, heart failure, arterial hypertension.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, GI bleeding, acute renal failure, respiratory depression, increased drowsiness, allergic reactions. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.

It is available in the form of a suspension for the preparation of an oral solution, tablets and an external gel.

To enhance the antipyretic effect, the above NSAIDs are combined with antispasmodics and antihistamines.

Preparations for cough

Antitussives affect the focus of inflammation in the lungs. Their mechanism of action is mucolytic, expectorant and muconitic effect. Medications depress the cough reflex, regulate the function of production of sputum and metabolism in the epithelial cells that line the airways.

1. Bronhicum

A drug with antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and phlegm-wicking properties. Effectively removes a painful paroxysmal cough.

Indications for use: paroxysmal cough, acute and chronic lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The way of application and dosage is individual for each patient. Side effects are manifested in the form of irritation of the gastric mucosa. It is available in the form of drops and elixir for oral administration.

2. Karbotsistein

Mucolytic agent, liquefies the bronchial secret and accelerates its excretion from the body. Normalizes the chemical and physical characteristics of sputum. It is used for diseases of the respiratory system with the allocation of a large viscous secretion. Patients are prescribed 1-2 capsules 2-3 times a day until the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

Side effects are manifested by skin allergic reactions and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The drug is contraindicated for ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum. It is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. Carbocysteine is available in the form of capsules and syrup in vials for oral administration.

3. Bromgeksin

A drug that increases the secretion of secretion of the bronchial glands. Reduces the viscosity of phlegm and has a pronounced expectorant effect. It is used for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs, bronchi and trachea. It is prescribed for bronchiectasis, bronchography.

Bromhexine is taken on 4-8 mg 3-4 times a day. For patients younger than 2 years, the medication is prescribed in the form of a syrup. Side effects are manifested by attacks of nausea and vomiting, various dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions.

There are no absolute contraindications for taking medication. With extreme caution is prescribed with hypersensitivity to the drug, gastrointestinal bleeding, in early pregnancy and peptic ulcer of the stomach. The drug is available in the form of tablets and syrup.

Bronchodilators

This group of drugs is most often prescribed for the treatment of atypical inflammation of the respiratory system in patients of childhood and with predisposition to hyperreactivity of the bronchi.

1. Berodual

It enlarges the lumen of the bronchi with the help of active substances - ipratropium bromide and fenoterol. The interaction of these components is effective in bronchodilator therapy of diseases with increased tone of bronchial muscles.

• Indications for use: comprehensive maintenance therapy and prevention of respiratory failure in pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchopulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma. It is also prescribed in the preparation of the respiratory tract for aerosol administration of drugs.
• The method of application and dosage are individual for each patient, as they depend on the severity of the disease state and other characteristics of the patient's body. To enhance the therapeutic effect of the drug is recommended to take with corticosteroids.
• Side effects: temporary impairment of visual perception, tremor of the extremities, dry mouth, palpitations, increased intraocular pressure.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, the first and last trimester of pregnancy. It is forbidden to take with xanthine derivatives and noncardioselective beta-blockers.

Produced in the form of an aerosol for inhalation and a solution for inhalation in vials of 20 ml.

2. aminophylline

Relieves spasms of smooth muscles of the bronchi, relaxing the muscles. Reduces pressure in the pulmonary artery, dilates the heart vessels. Has a moderate diuretic effect and inhibits the aggregation of platelets.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma and bronchospasm, hypertension in a small circle of blood circulation, cardiac asthma, respiratory disorders. It is prescribed for relief of cerebral vascular crises, improves renal blood flow.
• The method of use depends on the form of release of the drug. In acute attacks of bronchial asthma, the drug is administered intravenously, in the remaining cases, orally or intramuscularly. The dosage is determined by the doctor for each patient separately.
• Side effects: indigestion, headaches and dizziness, convulsions, heart palpitations.
• Contraindications: intolerance of components, low blood pressure, tachycardia, epilepsy, coronary insufficiency, heart rhythm disturbances.

Eufillin has several forms of release: powder for the preparation of solution, tablets for oral use, ampoules and solution.

3. Phenoterol

Stimulator of bronchial beta-adrenoceptors. It enlarges the lumen of the bronchi, effectively removes bronchospasm of various genesis, attacks of suffocation. Increases the frequency and volume of breathing. The therapeutic effect is maintained for 6-8 hours.

• Indications for use: relief of asthma attacks, infectious lung diseases with difficulty in breathing, emphysema.
• Dosing: for adults and children over 6 years of age, single doses of 0.2 mg of aerosol are prescribed. If after a single inhalation the attack of suffocation does not pass, then after 5-7 minutes inhalation can be repeated.
• Side effects: tremor of the extremities, increased anxiety, heart palpitations, fatigue, headache and increased sweating.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, arrhythmia, severe atherosclerosis.

The medicine is intended for inhalation, therefore it is produced in aerosol cans of 15 ml each. Each package contains 300 single doses. There is also a tablet form of release and ampoules for injections.

[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]

Antibiotics for mycoplasma pneumonia

Antibacterial therapy is the main method of eliminating pathogens. Antibiotics for mycoplasma pneumonia are selected by a doctor, individually for each patient. When choosing a drug, the severity of the disease, the presence of chronic pathologies and other characteristics of the patient's organism are taken into account.

Consider the main types of antibiotics used to kill Mycoplasma pneumoniae:

[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]

Tetracyclines

1. Doksibene

Antimicrobial agent with bacteriostatic properties. Contains the active ingredient - doxycycline. Its mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of protein synthesis in cells of pathogenic microorganisms. The drug is active in most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by drug-sensitive viruses and bacteria. It is prescribed for atypical forms of pneumonia, typhus, bacterial conjunctivitis, Lyme disease. Effective in otolaryngological, urological, venereological and gynecological practice.
• Method of application: for patients with a body weight of more than 70 kg, 200 mg per day is administered at a time or divided into two doses. Patients with a weight of 50 to 70 kg of 200 mg on the first day of therapy followed by a dose of 100 mg per day. For patients less than 50 kg at 4 mg / kg body weight. The course of treatment is 7-14 days.
• Side effects: violations of the cardiovascular system, reduced visual acuity, leukopenia, leukocytosis, paresthesia, seizures, increased pressure and excitability. It is also possible to violate the urinary system, skin allergic reactions, muscle pain, candidiasis.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the drug components, expressed violations of the liver and kidneys, patients younger than 8 years, pregnancy and lactation. With special care is prescribed for arrhythmia, for patients exposed to excessive ultraviolet radiation.
• Overdose: a violation of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. There is no specific antidote, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

Doxibene is available in the form of capsules for oral administration of 100 and 200 mg of the active ingredient.

2. Doxycycline

Semisynthetic antibiotic of broad spectrum with bacteriostatic properties. It is active against gram-positive microorganisms, aerobic and anaerobic cocci, aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, as well as Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

• Indications for use: acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, empyema of the pleura, infections of the gastrointestinal tract and ENT organs, urinary tract. Effective in inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, purulent infections of soft tissues. It is also used in the prevention of surgical infections.
• Directions for use: The drug is taken orally after meals, washed down with water to reduce irritation of the esophagus. The drug is taken on 100-200 mg depending on the severity of the disease. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stool disorders, skin allergic reactions, rashes, excessive sweating, headaches and dizziness.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the drug, the last trimester of pregnancy and lactation, the age of patients up to 9 years. Leukopenia, renal failure in severe form, porphyria.

The preparation is available in the form of capsules for oral administration.

2. Minotsiklin

Antibacterial agent, stopping the multiplication of bacteria and has a wide range of effects. It is active against most pathogens.

• Indications for use: upper and lower respiratory tract infections, psittacosis, infectious allergic disease, inflammation of the urinary tract, conjunctivitis, trachoma, inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes, brucellosis, skin and soft tissue infections, meningococcal infection.
• Method of application: the dosage is 200 mg on the first day of treatment and 100 mg in the future. Duration of treatment is 5-12 days.
• Side effects: violations of appetite and stool, nausea, vomiting, increased activity of hepatic enzymes, skin allergic reactions, joint and muscle pain.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to drugs from the group of tetracyclines, pregnancy and lactation, the age of patients under 8 years.

The medicine has a tabletted form of release in packages of 50 and 100 pieces. There is also a suspension for oral administration in 5 ml vials.

Makrolidı

1. Azitsin

Antimicrobial agent of a wide spectrum of action. Contains the active ingredient - azithromycin. Has high acid resistance. Oppresses the growth and multiplication of pathogens.

• Indications for use: pulmonary mycoplasmosis and other diseases of the respiratory system, soft tissue and skin infections, urethritis, colpitis, bacterial prostatitis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, the initial stages of Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: the medicine is taken on an empty stomach, washed down with a copious amount of liquid. When infectious pathology of the respiratory tract is prescribed for 500 mg for three days. The total exchange rate is 1500 mg. For children, the drug is prescribed in a dosage of 10 mg / kg of body weight once a day, the duration of therapy is 3 days.
• Side effects: dizziness and headaches, insomnia, increased excitability, tremor of extremities. Tachycardia, neutropenia, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, conjunctivitis, skin allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the drug, the age of patients under 3 years, pregnancy and lactation, severe violations of the liver.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, temporary hearing impairment, hepatitis. There is no specific antidote, gastric lavage and intake of enterosorbents are carried out.

The medicine has a tabletted form of release for 3 capsules in a blister pack, 1 blister in a package.

2. Macropon

Macrolide antibiotic to the active substance - midekamycin. Has a wide range of action. After oral administration, it is quickly and completely absorbed from the digestive tract, reaching a maximum concentration after 1-2 hours. Increased drug content is observed in places of inflammation, bronchial secretion and skin.

• Indications for use: infections of the respiratory tract, mucous membranes and skin, genitourinary system, diphtheria, whooping cough and other infectious pathologies caused by microorganisms sensitive to the preparation.
• The way of application and dosage is calculated individually for each patient. This takes into account the age of the infected and the severity of the disease state. The course of treatment does not exceed 7-12days.
• Side effects: anorexia, nausea and vomiting, skin allergic reactions, increased levels of hepatic enzymes.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the drug, severe hepatic insufficiency. The drug is taken during pregnancy in the event that the potential benefit to the mother is higher than the risks to the fetus.
• Overdose: nausea and vomiting. There is no specific antidote. The reception of sorbents for acceleration of deducing of a preparation from an organism is shown.

Macropen is available in the form of tablets of 400 mg of the active ingredient in each and in the form of granules for the preparation of a suspension.

3. Roksitromicin

Semisynthetic antibacterial agent. Has a wide spectrum of action to most pathogens.

• Indications for use: infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, including atypical forms. Infections of the skin and soft tissues, genito-urinary tract. Prevention of meningococcal meningitis.
• Method of administration: adult patients are prescribed 150 mg twice daily before meals. In especially severe cases, the dosage can be increased.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, pain in the abdomen, skin allergic reactions, transient increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase and transaminases.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation. With caution is prescribed for patients with allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

Roxithromycin has a tablet form of release with a different dosage.

Fluoroquinolones

1. Gatispan

Antibacterial agent with a wide spectrum of action. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract. Absolute bioavailability is more than 96%. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma is achieved within 2-3 hours after administration. Binding to plasma proteins is about 20%. It is excreted in the form of metabolites with urine and feces.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, lung abscess, sinusitis. Infections of the urinary system, skin and soft tissues, chronic infections of the urinary tract, bones and joints, STDs.
• Method of administration: The drug is taken in a dose of 200-400 mg once a day. The course of treatment depends on the medical indications, the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, violations of appetite and stool, flatulence, gastritis, stomatitis, bleeding from the digestive tract. Sleep disorders, increased anxiety, headaches and dizziness, muscle cramps. Arterial hypertension, bone pain, bronchospasm, face and mucous membrane swelling, allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: age of patients under 18 years, pregnancy and lactation, individual intolerance of the drug components.
• Overdose manifests more pronounced adverse reactions. To improve the patient's condition, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are recommended.

Gatispan is available in the form of tablets with an enteric coating of 200 and 400 mg of active substance in each.

2. Zoflox

Drug with fluoroquinolone derivative and bactericidal effect. Has a wide spectrum of action, but is especially active against mycobacteria of atypical pneumonia and beta-lactamases.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, orchitis, sinusitis, urethritis, soft tissue infections and dermatological infections of an infectious nature, pyelonephritis, articular infections. Used to prevent infectious complications in immunodeficient conditions.
• Usage: tablets are taken orally, and the infusion solution is dripped intravenously. The standard dosage is 200-600 mg / day, the course of treatment is 8-10 days.
• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, pain in the abdominal region, tremor of the extremities, paresthesia and others.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the drug components, recent craniocerebral trauma, epilepsy and a stroke in history, inflammation in the central nervous system, pediatric practice, pregnancy and lactation. With special care is prescribed for violations of cerebral circulation.
• Overdose: symptoms of CNS depression, nausea and vomiting. Treatment is symptomatic, gastric lavage. Hemodialysis is ineffective.

Zofloks is available in tablets and in the form of a solution for infusions.

3. Fact

Antibiotic of a wide spectrum of action. Used for many infectious diseases, including atypical pneumonia.

• Indications for use: diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the preparation, community-acquired pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, sinusitis in the stage of exacerbation.

• How to use: tablets are taken orally regardless of food, not chewing. The daily dosage is 320 mg, the course of treatment is 7-10 days. In severe disorders of kidney work, the dose should be reduced to 160 mg.

• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, digestive system disorders, flatulence. In rare cases, the drug causes malignant exudative erythema, impaired appetite, increased activity of hepatic enzymes. Overdose is manifested by the intensification of the above reactions. Treatment is symptomatic.

• Contraindications: allergy to components of preparations and other fluoroquinolones. Extended QT interval and tendon pathology. The medicine is not used in pediatric practice. With special care is prescribed for patients with epilepsy, with a tendency to convulsions, arrhythmia. It is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.

Fact is released in the form of tablets with an enteric coating of 160 and 360 mg of the active ingredient. One package can contain 5 or 7 tablets of the drug.

[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]

Wilprafen

Antibacterial agent from the group of macrolides. Vilprafen has bacteriostatic properties, which are due to inhibition of protein synthesis by bacteria. Highly active against most intracellular pathogens, including mycoplasma pneumonia.

After oral intake is well absorbed from the digestive tract, the maximum concentration in the blood plasma is observed 1-2 hours after ingestion. Binding to blood plasma proteins is at the level of 15%. The active ingredient is josamycin, it penetrates well through biological membranes and accumulates in tissues. Especially high concentrations are determined in the lungs, saliva, sweat, tears. Absorbed in the liver, excreted with bile and urine in the form of active metabolites.

• Indications for use: atypical form of pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, bronchitis, whooping cough, gingivitis, skin and soft tissue infections, urethritis, gonorrhea, prostatitis. The drug is effective in mycoplasmal, ureaplasmic, chlamydial and mixed infections of the genitourinary system.
• The method of administration and dosage depends on the age of the patient. For patients older than 14 years, appoint 500 mg 2-4 times a day. Tablets are recommended to be taken between meals, with water. For patients younger than 14 years and infants, the drug is administered in the form of a suspension. The daily dosage is 30 mg / kg of body weight for three doses. The course of treatment is 5-10 days.
• Side effects: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dysbiosis, violation of bile outflow, allergic reactions, hearing impairment, candidiasis. Overdose manifests itself with the same symptoms. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance of the components of the drug, severe violations of the liver. The use of an antibiotic during pregnancy and lactation is possible only for medical purposes, taking into account the risks to the fetus.

Vilprafen is available in the form of tablets and suspensions for oral administration.

Klacid

Semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic with active substance - clarithromycin. It has antibacterial properties, suppresses the synthesis of bacterial proteins. Tablets are a homogeneous crystalline mass. The active ingredient is released when passing through the gastrointestinal tract and has a broad antibacterial effect.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, polysynusitis, pharyngitis, monosynusitis, skin and soft tissue infections, chlamydial infectious lesions of the urogenital tract, stomach and duodenal ulcer.
• Method of administration: one capsule in a dosage of 500 mg 1-2 times a day. Tablets should be taken with food, swallowing whole, that is, not breaking and not chewing.
• Side effects: ventricular arrhythmia and tachycardia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomatitis and pancreatitis, candidiasis of the oral cavity. There may also be headaches and dizziness, increased anxiety, insomnia, noise and ringing in the ears, convulsions, temporary hearing disorders and skin allergic reactions. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to active components, severe renal failure, porphyria, pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: a decrease in potassium in the body and a decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. For treatment, gastric lavage is shown with further maintenance therapy.

Clacid is available in the form of 500 mg tablets in a blister for 5, 10 and 14 pieces of 1-2 blisters per pack.

Sumamed

Antibiotic of a wide spectrum of action from group of macrolides. Getting into the focus of inflammation creates high concentrations, having a bactericidal effect. Sumamed is active against gram-positive cocci, streptococci, gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

When administered orally, it is rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract, since it has resistance to acidic medium and lipophilicity. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is achieved after 2-3 hours, bioavailability of 35%. Active components of the drug are quickly distributed throughout the body, penetrating the respiratory tract, organs and tissues of the urogenital tract, skin and soft tissues.

The concentration of active substance in the foci of infection is 25% higher than in healthy tissues.

The main feature of Sumamed is that its bactericidal concentrations persist in the focus of inflammation for 5-7 days, which allows for short courses of treatment.

• Indications for use: pathologies of an infectious nature caused by drug-susceptible pathogens. The medicine is prescribed for infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs, with infections of the lower respiratory tract, atypical pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection, infections of the urogenital tract, Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: The drug is taken once a day for an hour before meals or 2-3 hours after a meal. With pneumonia, adult patients are prescribed 500 mg each, and for children 10 mg / kg for 3 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, stool disorders, increased gas formation, transient increase in hepatic enzyme activity, skin rashes. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug and macrolides. With caution is prescribed for severe violations of kidney and liver function, as well as for allergic reactions to the drug in the anamnesis. Use of Sumamed during pregnancy is possible only for medical purposes, when the potential benefit exceeds possible risks.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hearing impairment. For treatment, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

Produced in the form of tablets for oral administration at 125, 250 and 500 mg, as well as in capsules for oral administration of 250 mg. Children's form of release - bottles with powder for the preparation of suspension. Their pharmacies are dispensed on a prescription.

Vitamins

Atypical pneumonia, like any other disease, requires an integrated approach to treatment. Vitamins are needed to normalize metabolism and improve the body's tolerance of antibacterial drugs. Useful substances not only contribute to recovery, but also increase the protective properties of the immune system.

Most often, patients are prescribed such vitamins:

• A, C, E - reduce the degree of damage to vascular membranes and improve their condition.
• B1 - reduces the accumulation of metabolic products of pathogens. Normalizes the metabolism of the heart's liver.
• B2 - improves the condition of the mucous membranes of internal organs and skin, activates metabolic processes.
• В6 - strengthens metabolic processes, regulates the work of the central nervous system.
• В12 - regulates hemopoiesis and metabolic processes, improves the functioning of the central nervous system, liver and other organs.

Multivitamin complexes have multifactam complex: Multi-tabs, Vitrum, Neurovitan, Duovit and others. Along with vitamins and minerals to improve well-being and prevent infectious processes, you must adhere to a balanced diet.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

To accelerate recovery and minimize the risk of developing severe complications of pneumonia, physiotherapy is recommended. Physiotherapeutic treatment has a desensitizing and bacteriostatic effect, helps strengthen the immune system.

With Mycoplasma pneumonia, such methods can be prescribed:

• Inductothermy - on the lesion affected by a high-frequency magnetic field. It increases microcirculation and lymphatic flow, reduces bronchospasm, increases metabolism and improves sputum discharge. Physiotherapy facilitates muscle relaxation, stops inflammation.
• The electromagnetic field of UHF - is used for acute inflammation. The electric field reduces swelling of tissues and the process of exudation, restores microcirculation.
• Ultraviolet irradiation - has anti-inflammatory properties and promotes resorption of infiltrates, activates local blood circulation. The effect of irradiation is directed to the anterior and posterior surface of the chest.
• Electrophoresis - this method is often combined with the electromagnetic field of UHF. The procedure is based on the effect on the body of a drug through which an electric current is passed. Has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
• Decimeter wave therapy - has anti-inflammatory effect, improves tissue metabolism and enhances blood circulation in the lungs. The procedure has pronounced anti-inflammatory properties.
• Magnetotherapy - is appointed with pronounced intoxication processes. Removes edema, improves metabolic processes and capillary circulation.
• Thermal applications - are assigned to eliminate residual symptoms of the disease. Application on the chest is made of mud, paraffin and other active ingredients.
• Inhalations are the most accessible, but at the same time effective physiotherapy. The method improves the functioning of the upper respiration and has a bacteriostatic effect. Effects on the affected mucous membranes occur by inhaling medication.

Physiotherapeutic treatment is carried out only for medical purposes, as it has certain contraindications: high body temperature, bleeding, cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency 2-3 degrees, severe cardiovascular disorders, bullous emphysema, neoplasms, blood diseases. The duration of therapy and the frequency of treatment procedures are individual for each patient.

Folk treatment

One of the unconventional, but rather popular methods of eliminating atypical pneumonia is folk treatment. Most often with mycoplasmal infections of the respiratory tract, such recipes are used:

• A teaspoon of honey dissolve in a glass of warm water and add a couple drops of lemon juice. Drink 3-4 times a day during the course of treatment and after it.
• Pour a glass of milk 2 figs and cook over low heat for 15-20 minutes. Take the remedy for ½ cup 2 times a day.
• Take 50 g of walnuts and pour them 500 ml of red wine. Cook the food over low heat for 20-30 minutes. Take a tablespoon for 2-3 months.
• Thoroughly crush a couple of leaves of aloe and mix with a glass of honey. Add 500 ml of warm water to the mixture and cook for 1-2 hours on low heat. Ready medicine should be consumed 1-2 tablespoons 2-3 times a day. The agent can be stored in the refrigerator.
• In the proportion of 2: 1, take the fucker and St. John's wort. Stir the herbal ingredients and divide into 4 parts. Pour 2 parts with boiling water, cook over medium heat and allow to brew until cooled. Take the broth 3-4 times a day for 20 minutes before eating.

In addition to the above folk methods to accelerate the treatment of mycoplasmosis in the diet should include garlic. In day you need to eat 2-4 teeth, adding them to salads and other dishes.

[30], [31], [32], [33], [34],

Herbal Treatment

Another method of treating mycoplasmal pneumonia is the use of plant substances. Herbal treatment has an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect, helps strengthen the immune system.

Popular recipes for pulmonary mycoplasmosis:

• Take in equal proportions corn stigmas, chamomile, St. John's wort, cornflower and sporich. Thoroughly mix all ingredients and pour 500 ml of boiling water. Allow the tool to stand until cool, strain and take ½ cup before eating.
• Pour 1 liter of purified water 2 parts of St. John's wort, 3 parts of black elderberry and 4 parts of the roots of herbaceous elder. Cook the remedy for 20-30 minutes, strain and consume throughout the day.
• Take equal parts of the wintergreen, the hogweed and wintering. Pour a mixture of 750 ml of boiling water and insist until it cools. Strain and take 100 ml 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 28 days.
• The blue cornflower has a pronounced therapeutic properties. Two tablespoons of dried flowers pour 500 ml of boiling water, carefully wrap. After cooling, strain and take ½ cup 3-4 times a day.
• Therapeutic properties are herbal inhalation. Mix in equal proportions such herbs: chamomile, St. John's wort, calendula, celandine, needles, eucalyptus. Pour the raw material with boiling water. Inhalations should last 10-20 minutes, procedures should be performed daily. The infusion can be used to wash the nasal sinuses and rinse the throat.
• Immunomodulating properties are possessed by a medicinal collection of mint, melissa, chestnut and ivan tea. Take 5 tablespoons of the mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water. It is better to insist on a thermos bottle. After 2-3 hours strain and take 150 ml 3-4 times a day.

Before the treatment with herbs should consult with your doctor, as some herbal components can cause allergic reactions and other adverse reactions.

Homeopathy

Treatment of atypical pneumonia involves a comprehensive, comprehensive approach. Homeopathy refers to alternative therapies. To eliminate the infectious process, such drugs are used:

• Aconite - appointed at the initial stage of the disease, can be replaced by Brionia or Belladonna.
• Phosphorus, Ipecacuana - used in sputum with bloody clots.
• Sanguine - isolated exudate has a rusty hue.
• Antimonium Tartarikum - the disease proceeds with wet wheezing, heavy breathing and poor sputum discharge.
• Veratrum Viride, Camphor - pneumonia with severe cardiovascular insufficiency.
• Iodum, Kalium Yodatum - paroxysmal cough with severe pain in the chest, feverish condition.

If antibacterial therapy is ineffective in eliminating the infection, then homeopathic preparations can be prescribed: Sulfur, Arsenicum Albumum, Iodatum and others. All medicines are used only for the purpose of a homeopath who chooses a dosage and determines the duration of treatment.

Surgery

To eliminate Mycoplasma pneumoniae, drug therapy is indicated. Surgical treatment is performed only in the presence of serious complications, such as:

1. Abscess of the lung - inflammation of the lung tissue with the formation and melting of purulent-necrotic cavities. For treatment, bronchoscopy is performed with aspiration and rinsing cavities with antiseptic solutions. If the lesion is large, then transthoracic puncture is indicated. In especially severe cases, a resection is performed, that is, removal of part of the organ.
2. Empyema of the pleura is a pus accumulation in the anatomical cavities of the lung. Treatment is aimed at removal of purulent exudate, expansion of the tissues of the organ and decrease in signs of intoxication. To do this, conduct thoracostomy, that is, open drainage. Also possible pleurectomy, resection of the lung, intrapleural thoracoplasty and the closure of the bronchopleural fistula.
3. Synpneumonic pleurisy is a purulent complication caused by an infectious agent. For treatment, intrapleural administration of antibiotics and drainage of the lung are indicated. When draining an underwater valve is installed with the help of which the amount of sputum is noted. Drainage is removed after cessation of the process of exudation.
4. Pyopneumotorax is a breakthrough in the contents of the pulmonary cavity into the pleural cavity. Treatment consists of draining the purulent cavity and eliminating painful symptoms. With intense pneumothorax, an emergency decompression is carried out, that is, a drainage installation.
5. Cancer - oncological complications of mycoplasmal pneumonia occur extremely rarely. Surgical treatment is the main therapy, combined with chemotherapy. The operation is aimed at removing tumor formation with the affected part of the organ.