Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics

Dysbacteriosis is the most common disorder associated with intestinal microflora. There are quite a few reasons why the microflora in the intestine may change, but most often develop a dysbacteriosis after antibiotics. Currently, antibiotics are used in many bacterial infections, but in addition to pathogenic bacteria, such drugs also destroy useful microorganisms that the body needs for normal work, and as a result, dysbacteriosis develops .

If antibiotics can not be avoided, drugs should be taken in parallel, which contain live bacteria and help normalize the intestinal microflora.

[1], [2]

Causes of dysbiosis after antibiotics

Drug therapy is the most common cause of intestinal microflora disorders. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, use of low-quality drugs, improper dosage, violation of the regimen, prolongation of treatment without special need, self-medication with antibacterial drugs - all this develops resistance to antibacterial drugs, a decrease in useful microflora, etc. Different groups of antibiotics affect the intestines differently.

Tetracyclines are harmful to the upper layer and intestinal mucosa, resulting in good conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. As a result of tetracyclines, the growth of clostridia, staphylococci, candida fungi increases.

Aminoglycosides stop the growth of normal microflora.

Aminopenicillins promote the development of staphylococci, streptococci.

Fungicidal antibiotics selectively affect the reproduction of proteus bacteria, lactose-negative Escherichia.

Dysbacteriosis can appear even after the individually selected antibiotic, with the correct dosage and the indicated course of treatment. Even in this case, the restoration of a normal microflora will take at least a month.

[3], [4]

Symptoms of dysbiosis after antibiotics

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics usually develops in the intestine or genital organs.

The disease manifests itself as diarrhea, constipation (or alternation), bloating, itching in the anal area. Symptoms of dysbiosis can appear both in the first days of treatment, and in the last.

With vaginal dysbacteriosis, discharge with altered color, odor or consistency, itching of the vagina and external genital organs, burning in the urethra, frequent urination, and painful sensations in the lower abdomen may also appear.

If symptoms of dysbacteriosis appear after treatment with antibiotics, consult a specialist.

Dysbacteriosis in children after antibiotics

With some childhood diseases, you can not do without the use of antibiotics, but such treatment often leads to serious consequences. Quite often after treatment (or during treatment), children develop diarrhea, abdominal pain, deterioration in overall well-being.

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics in a child is manifested by a disorder of the stool (it becomes frothy, cough-like, liquid, with a strong odor), flatulence, abdominal pain, fever. Quite often children begin to feel weak, nauseous, they become lethargic, sleep badly, they lose their appetite. At a dysbacteriosis the child shows anxiety, starts to be capricious, besides it, in an anal zone it is possible to see reddening and a boring.

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics needs a competent combination of treatment and diet. To normalize the disturbed intestinal microflora, a prolonged course of restorative therapy is often required. Dysbacteriosis is much easier to prevent, therefore from the first days of antibiotic therapy it is necessary to take prebiotics.

[5], [6]

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics in infants

Diarrhea in newborns is worth noting especially, since most often it develops after the woman, being pregnant, has undergone antibiotic therapy without restoring the intestinal flora. In infants diarrhea leads to dehydration, so you need to ask pediatrician for advice as soon as possible.

Usually a child who has a microflora is disturbed, restless, sleeps badly due to pain in the tummy, which appear about two hours after eating. Practically every dysbacteriosis after antibiotics proceeds with bloating, strong gas formation, rumbling in the abdomen. Due to the fact that intestinal motility is weakened, the baby begins to regurgitate (in some cases, vomiting occurs). The severe development of dysbiosis leads to poor absorption of nutrients in the intestine, diarrhea (foamy discharge with an acidic or putrid smell), and a child's weight gain is poor.

In some cases, newborns become constipated, as the lack of bifidobacteria leads to the fact that the contractile activity of the intestine is reduced.

[7], [8], [9], [10]

Dysbacteriosis of the vagina after antibiotics

After antibiotics, a woman often develops a dysbacteriosis of the vagina, because antibacterial drugs destroy not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also a useful microflora, which is normally present on the mucous membranes of internal organs. When the natural microflora is disturbed, various pathogenic microorganisms begin to actively manifest themselves, fungal bacteria begin to multiply more often in the vagina.

In this case, treatment requires not only taking drugs with prebiotics to restore microflora, but also taking antifungal agents. Bacteria in the vagina provoke inflammation in the cervix and the walls of the vagina, as a result of increasing the number of secretions, there is soreness, itching, burning in the genitals (a painful intercourse is also possible). The very first symptom of impaired vaginal microflora is the lack of lubrication during a woman's sexual arousal. In addition, pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the uterus and cause inflammation of the inner layer (endometrium), fallopian tubes or ovaries.

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics can cause inflammation of the bladder or urethra.

[11], [12], [13]

Dysbacteriosis of the intestine after antibiotics

Today in medicine, antibiotics are used in the treatment of almost all diseases, but effective treatment has a rather serious side effect - a violation of the microflora of the body. Most often, dysbiosis after antibiotics develops in the intestine. However, the severity of the disease is affected by several factors.

In the first place, people with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are more likely to develop dysbiosis. In this case, treatment with antibiotics only aggravates the situation, since intestinal microflora has already been altered when digestion processes are disturbed.

Also strongly affect the microflora of the intestines can take antibacterial drugs more than the required time. Sometimes a person independently prolongs the period of treatment to finally destroy the infection. In this case, the longer the antibiotic is taken, the more the natural intestinal microflora is disturbed.

Frequent courses of antibacterial therapy also do not have the best effect on the intestinal microflora. In some particularly severe cases, the condition of the patient requires just such treatment, but when a person independently decides to be treated with such drugs, especially at the first signs of a cold, dysbiosis is almost impossible to avoid.

The intestinal microflora is capable of recovering on its own, but this takes time, and if antibacterial drugs are taken too often, the body does not have enough time for recovery, as a result of beneficial bacteria it is less and pathogenic bacteria get optimal conditions for reproduction.

Particular attention during the course of antibiotics must be given to nutrition. You should include in your menu more cereals and sour-milk products, fruits and vegetables. The development of natural microflora is promoted by dietary fiber and sour-milk products, and if you do not consume them, the dysbacteriosis develops faster and takes place in a more severe form.

[14], [15]

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis after antibiotics

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics or for other reasons, diagnoses the gastroenterologist. The main method of diagnosing dysbacteriosis is the bacteriological study of stool.

If necessary, the specialist may assign several additional methods of investigation:

• Contrast X-ray examination;
• rectormomanoscopy (examination of the intestine up to 30 cm with a special device);
• Colonoscopy (examination of the intestine up to 1 m using a special device)

With dysbacteriosis, usually, in addition to stool analysis, PCR, mass spectral analysis and parietal microflora analysis are assigned.

To determine the dysbacteriosis, as well as its nature, it is necessary to determine which bacteria and in what number multiply in the intestine.

Now, mainly two types of research are used: bacteriological and analysis of metabolites of microflora.

Bacteriological study can detect up to 10% of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal microflora. The results of the study are obtained in a week (this is the time necessary for the bacteria to grow in a special environment, and their appearance could be determined.

Metabolic research is to determine the substances released by microorganisms in the process of vital activity. This method is quite simple and effective, except in a few hours you can already find out the results.

When diagnosing dysbiosis it is important to remember that each person is individual, and the intestinal microflora depends on the age, diet, season. Therefore, the diagnosis is not made only on the basis of analyzes, but requires additional methods of investigation.

[16], [17], [18],

Treatment of dysbacteriosis after antibiotics

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics is usually treated with special drugs that contain beneficial bacteria.

Prebiotics and probiotics are usually used.

Prebiotics enter the body with food and are not digested in the intestines, but such substances are an excellent nutrient medium for microflora. Such substances in large quantities are found in onions, garlic, corn, dairy products. Also, there are special preparations containing prebiotics (northeast, prebio, etc.).

Probiotics contain living bacteria that do not colonize the intestines, but inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and restore the natural balance in the intestine. However, in severe cases of dysbacteriosis, such drugs are ineffective and antimicrobial agents are required.

Than to treat a dysbacteriosis after antibiotics?

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics can be treated with intestinal antiseptics, which suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, practically without affecting important for the intestine bacteria.

Intetriks is a derivative of three quinolones and is given a course of no more than 5 days.

Nifurokszid is a member of the group of nitrofurans, it is usually prescribed a weekly course four times a day for 200 mg.

Drugs for dysbacteriosis after antibiotics

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics, especially in severe form, is subject to drug treatment. Antibacterial preparations for the restoration of the intestinal microflora are prescribed only after the dysbacteriosis is established, and also only after the analysis for the sensitivity of microorganisms.

• With staphylococci, enterococci, funds are assigned from the group of macrolides (oleandomycin), semisynthetic penicillins (amoxicillin).
• With colibacaine, nalidixic acid derivatives, nitrofurans (antiseptics), sulfonamides (phthalazole) are more effective.
• With Pseudomonas aeruginosa polymyxin, aminoglycosides (kanamycin).
• In candidomycosis - lamizil, amphotericin.
• At a dysbacteriosis bacteriophages also are used - viruses which operate concerning only one kind of bacteria. Such drugs can be used together with antibiotics or as an alternative to treatment. Bacteriophages are taken internally or used as enemas. The modern pharmaceutical market offers coliprotein, staphylococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus bacteriophage.

Dysbacteriosis leads to hypovitaminosis, for the treatment of which vitamin complexes (multitabs) are prescribed. Also, with dysbacteriosis, immune defense is broken, so immunomodulators are used in the treatment, which not only helps to improve immunity, but also restore the intestinal microflora. Usually, vegetable remedies are used for this purpose (tincture of echinacea, propolis).

[19], [20], [21]

Nutrition for dysbacteriosis after antibiotics

To maintain a natural balance of intestinal microflora, it is important to eat cereals and lactic acid foods, vegetables, fruits, which contain dietary fiber, amino acids, lacto- and bifidobacteria.

In the treatment of dysbiosis it is necessary to adhere to the basic principles of nutrition:

• food intake at strictly defined hours;
• the diet should include dietary fiber and dairy products;
• the diet is individual, with the immunity of the product it must immediately be excluded from the diet.

To normalize the intestinal microflora, it is important to include in your diet products containing poly- and oligosaccharides (cereals, fruits, vegetables). These substances serve as a source of energy for bifidobacteria.

Breast milk has oligosaccharides in its composition, therefore it is important to continue breastfeeding with dysbacteriosis of infants.

Also, the source of oligosaccharides are zucchini, carrots, oatmeal, onions and garlic. Many berries, apples, bananas, and apricots contain fructo-oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides are rich in dandelion roots, legumes, chicory. To get the daily norm of saccharides you need to eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables.

Polysaccharides, they are dietary fibers are necessary for the intestines as a source of nutrition for bacteria, for improving motility, they also act as natural enterosorbents.

• With dysbacteriosis caused by staphylococcus, it is recommended to increase the consumption of raspberries, strawberries, mountain ash.
• With Protein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, garlic, onions, radish, apples, apricots are suppressively acting.
• The modified E. Coli is oppressed by pomegranates, Bulgarian pepper, onions.
• When candidiasis helps carrots, cranberries.

As a source of probiotics, you can use lactic acid products (kefir, acidophilus, actives, kumis, etc.).

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics in recent times is more and more common, since almost all diseases are treated with antibacterial agents. In order to reduce the negative effect of such drugs, it is necessary to maintain intestinal microflora with special preparations and balanced nutrition from the first days of treatment.