Types of Ovarian Cancer

There are three types of ovarian cancer: primary, metastatic and secondary. Primary differs in that it affects at once two ovaries. The tumor has a tuberous surface, rather dense, usually small or medium. Morphological structure - glandular cancer, which is based on the foci of flat epithelium. Usually affects women under 30 years.

Metastatic occurs if a woman is already sick at any kind of cancer, especially stomach cancer. From there carcinogenic cells are brought through the flow of blood. It develops very quickly and is more malignant. Usually, the two ovaries are immediately affected. Dense, tuberous ulcers form.

Secondary ovarian cancer develops from cysts - benign formations of various sizes. They contain a large amount of fluid of mucous form. A benign tumor grows into a malignant tumor if papillary growths appear inside the cysts.

A very rare type of ovarian cancer is a granulosa cell, a light cell, an adenoblastoma, a Brenner tumor, a disgerminoma, a stromal tumor, a teratokastroma.

Serous ovarian cancer

Serous ovarian cancer is a large accumulation of malignant neoplasms that develop from the epithelium. That is, the tumor appears from those epithelial tissues that have become oppressive or degenerated. To date, the cause of such a process has not yet been found. There are, however, three theories that were put forward by oncologists:

1. The tumor is formed from the integumentary epithelium, that is, those tissues that are on the surface of the ovaries are regenerated.
2. Because of the rudimentary remains of the primary genital organs, which were left after the standard organs were formed in the female body.
3. The epithelium that enters the ovaries from the uterus or fallopian tubes.

To date, there are several varieties of serous ovarian cancer:

1. Papillary and standard adenocarcinoma.
2. Adenofibroma.
3. Papillary carcinoma of superficial type.
4. Serous cystoma of the papillary type.

Different types of serous cancer are treated with different medications.

Epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is formed from the mesothelium - epithelium, which is located on the surface of this female organ. Usually this type affects only one ovary and rarely passes to the opposite one. The tumor in this case progresses so slowly that it is very difficult to diagnose it. According to statistics, 75% of patients found out about their disease at a late stage, when the treatment is rather difficult.

Epithelial ovarian cancer develops in women after 50 years. It is the most common (99% of cases).

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5],

Mucinous ovarian cancer

Mucinous ovarian cancer is diagnosed more often in those who are sick or sick with uterine fibroids, had an ectopic pregnancy or inflammation of the appendages. Usually, in the development of such a tumor, no changes in the menstrual cycle were observed (97%). Among the main symptoms are:

1. The abdomen increases in volume.
2. Painful sensations appear in the abdominal region.
3. Micturition is increasing.

Depending on the stage of the disease, symptoms may appear or disappear, and may also increase.

Metastatic ovarian cancer

This form of ovarian cancer is formed from tumors in other organs that are located in the neighborhood. Usually, with blood, carcinogenic cells enter one or two ovaries from the abdominal cavity or uterus. All formations of this type are designated as the 4th degree. There are ways in which cancer enters the ovaries:

1. Lymphogenous retrograde.
2. Hematogenic (if the tumor is too far away).
3. Implantation-transperitoneal.

Metastatic ovarian cancer accounts for 20% of all cancer cases in this area. Usually affects women from forty to fifty years. The tumor can be quite large. If both ovaries are affected, the left one always has a greater lesion strength. The tumor has an oval shape, lobate structure. Usually it stands on a leg. Its consistency is rather mild.

Clear-celled ovarian cancer

This type of cancer is quite rare. Usually the tumor is combined with endometriosis. Doctors do not know exactly the causes of the appearance of light-celled ovarian cancer, but they assume that it develops from the Müllerian epithelium. As a rule, this form of cancer affects only one ovary. The tumor resembles a cyst. It can quickly metastasize, so the predictions for cancer treatment are unhappy. Often, a clear-celled testicular cancer develops together with adenofibroma.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

Glandular ovarian cancer

Glandular ovarian cancer is a fairly common form of a malignant tumor that develops in this female organ. According to statistics, among all pathologies of such species, this cancer is diagnosed in 40% of cases. The size of the tumor is quite large, sometimes even huge. Cancer can quickly move to other organs.

Another name for glandular cancer is adenocarcinoma of the ovary. The development of the tumor is due to the fact that various epithelial tissues begin to proliferate. Why this is not yet known. But doctors note that women who suffer from obesity, use oral contraceptives or are ill for infertility, are more likely to fall under the risk group. Early stages of glandular ovarian cancer proceed without any distinctive symptoms, so it is important to undergo ultrasound of the pelvic organs at least once a day. In some patients there is a change in the menstrual cycle, which becomes quite irregular. The disease usually develops in women after menopause or just before it starts.

Papillary ovarian cancer

Papillary ovarian cancer differs from other types in that the tumor develops from cilioepithelial cystoma, which is still called papillary. Usually papillary cancer develops on both sides, but there are also unilateral tumors. This kind of malignant education is very difficult to diagnose. As a rule, it develops in elderly women.

Secondary ovarian cancer

Secondary ovarian cancer is one of the most common types. It accounts for 85% of all cases of cancer in this body. The main characteristic is the fact that the tumor grows out of benign formations. As a rule, these are mucinous cysts or serous papillaries. Usually ovarian cancer of the secondary type can be isolated, but can consist of several nodes.

Undifferentiated ovarian cancer

Undifferentiated ovarian cancer is one of the most uncommon. Only in 1% of cases the doctor makes such a diagnosis. This carcinoma has no special symptoms, so it is difficult to diagnose.

Bordered ovarian cancer

Bordered ovarian cancer is an epithelial tumor that rarely develops into a malignant tumor. When an ultrasound is performed such a cancer is difficult to distinguish from an invasive type of tumor. To see the difference between these types of cancer, you need a biopsy. Treatment of borderline ovarian cancer is carried out only surgically. If the woman has already given birth, she can remove the uterus or make a ligation of the fallopian tubes. The danger of this type of tumor is that it often passes into the tissues of other organs.

[10], [11], [12]

Papillary Cancer of the Ovaries

The death rate from papillary ovarian cancer is quite high, so this disease is considered very serious. The main difference is the fact that the tumor has a distinctive structure. Inside there is a special capsule, which consists of papillae and fluid. Papillaries also have small growths that are covered with a cylindrical or cubic epithelium. Often papillary ovarian cancer is confused with other species.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary

Squamous cell carcinoma of the ovaries develops from the cysts, especially from the dermoid ones. First of all, it must be said that dermoid cysts are always benign, but under the influence of causes that have not yet been established, they degenerate into malignant formations. Usually development occurs in a small number of women (1-2%) after the onset of menopause. The squamous cell carcinoma of the ovaries is diagnosed late and rather difficult. Often, women come to the doctor when they have an unpleasant "squeezing" in the lower abdomen. To cure this type of tumor, radical surgery is used. If the cancer affected only the ovaries, then the prognosis is often quite comforting.

Anaplastic ovarian cancer

Anaplastic ovarian cancer is quite rare. It is diagnosed only in 2-3% of cases. It differs in the histological structure of the tumor. In this case, it can be either large cell or small cell.

[13], [14], [15], [16]

Incompatible ovarian cancer

The question of whether ovarian cancer is operable is quite complex. The answer can be obtained only after the abdominal cavity has been cut. It does not matter how much the tumor has grown, nor how much ascites it has, whether it is mobile or not. There are cases when a mobile tumor of ovarian cancer was removed completely, and the one that appeared during the immovable examination could not operate due to the fact that it was connected to the intestine or other neighboring organ. In medical practice, unfortunately, the second species is more likely to come across. Incompatible ovarian cancer can not be surgically removed. But do not despair, because there are different methods of treatment that helped some patients. For example, recently fungotherapy (treatment with mushrooms) has become popular, although it is more palliative.

Ovarian cancer after childbirth

It often happens that ovarian cancer begins to develop after childbirth. In this case, a woman should remember that it is strictly forbidden to breast-feed a child. At the first stages of diagnosing cancer is very difficult, because of its symptoms, it is very similar to the development of benign tumors. Note that a malfunction in the menstrual cycle is not observed. The first signs of a subjective nature are manifested after the tumor has significantly increased in size. Among them are:

1. Stretching pain in the lower abdomen, which occur periodically.
2. Frequent diarrhea or, conversely, constipation.
3. Frequent urge to urinate.
4. Lower extremities swell periodically.

Often, ovarian cancer develops due to excessive hormone formation.

Diagnosis of this type of tumor occurs infrequently, only in extremely rare cases. An accurate diagnosis can only be made by an oncologist who must perform the following manipulations:

1. The method of finger examination through the vagina or anal passage.
2. Ultrasound of female genital organs, endocrine system, breast and abdominal cavity.
3. Determining the location of the tumor due to computed tomography.
4. The type and boundaries of cancer are determined through magnetic resonance imaging.
5. Establishment of preliminary diagnostics.
6. Taking a small amount of pathological tissue for the analysis.

The most progressive technique for determining cancer cells is to date a biopsy.

Ovarian cancer after childbirth undergoes complex treatment, which includes a surgical method, chemotherapy and ionizing radiation.