Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children and adults

Mycoplasma pneumonia requires a comprehensive approach to eliminating pathogens. Treatment of atypical pneumonia depends entirely on the results of the diagnostics, the presence of chronic diseases and the general condition of the patient.

• At the first stage, antibacterial drugs are prescribed to destroy the mycoplasma infection. Tetracycline antibiotics are most often used. To determine the most suitable drug, sputum culture for antibiotic sensitivity is indicated.
• At the second stage, patients are prescribed expectorants to thin and accelerate the discharge of sputum, that is, to improve the drainage function of the bronchi. Anti-inflammatory and antihistamines are also prescribed to eliminate painful symptoms.
• To speed up recovery, it is recommended to take general tonics and vitamin-enriched drugs. They enhance the protective properties of the immune system. Detoxification therapy is recommended, that is, drinking plenty of fluids to remove the metabolic products of viruses and bacteria. In particularly severe cases, specific immune drugs are prescribed.

To improve the patient's condition, special physiotherapy procedures are prescribed: breathing exercises, vacuum massage, physical training, mustard plasters, compresses. There are also non-traditional methods of treatment using medicinal herbs. A comprehensive approach to treatment allows eliminating the disease without severe complications.

Mycoplasma pneumonia treatment regimens

After the diagnosis, the doctor evaluates the results obtained and draws up a treatment plan. Treatment regimens for mycoplasma pneumonia depend on the severity and neglect of the disease, the characteristics of the patient's body and the presence of concomitant pathologies.

The disease requires etiotropic treatment. To eliminate mycoplasmosis, antibiotics from the macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and tetracycline groups are used, both for oral and intramuscular administration. The average course of treatment is 10-14 days.

Patients may be prescribed the following medications:

• Azithromycin 250 mg once a day.
• Clarithromycin 500 mg 1-2 times a day.
• Erythromycin 500 mg 3-4 times a day.
• Levofloxacin 500 mg once daily.
• Doxycycline 100 mg 1-2 times a day.

The treatment regimen for severe atypical inflammation consists of cephalosporin antibiotics and Levofloxacin.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing

When choosing medications to eliminate Mycoplasma pneumoniae, antibiotic sensitivity testing is indicated. At the initial stage, bacterial culture is performed to determine the type of pathogen and its concentration in the body. This method has high specificity with the ability to study any biological fluid.

Sputum, nasal and pharyngeal mucus are used for bacteriological culture. The collected material is placed in special media to decipher bacterial cultures. If necessary, microscopy of the obtained material can be performed with staining, evaluation of the shape, color and density of bacterial colonies.

Once the pathogen is identified, its sensitivity to antibiotics is determined using intradermal tests, nasopharyngeal mucus, blood, and exudate secreted during coughing. The resulting antibiogram takes into account the resistance of bacteria, i.e. resistance to the pathogen. Thanks to this, it is possible to select the most suitable drug for treatment and its dosage.

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Medicines

Drug therapy for mycoplasma pneumonia is carried out from the first days of the disease. The medications are selected by the doctor, individually for each patient. Treatment consists of taking the following groups of drugs:

Antibiotics

1. Azithromycin

A broad-spectrum antibacterial agent from the macrolide group. When it gets into inflammation foci, it creates high concentrations, providing a bactericidal effect.

• Indications for use: upper and lower respiratory tract and ENT infections, scarlet fever, skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary infections, Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: on the first day of therapy 500 mg, on the second 250 mg, and from the third to the fifth 500 mg per day. The course dose, as well as the duration of treatment, is determined by the doctor for each patient individually.
• Side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, increased gas formation, increased activity of liver enzymes, allergic skin rashes.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation. With special caution it is prescribed for patients with a history of allergic reactions.

The drug is available in the form of tablets, capsules and syrup in bottles.

2. Clarithromycin

Macrolide, semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. Has an extended spectrum of antibacterial action, with the creation of maximum concentrations in the lesions.

• Indications for use: pneumonia (including atypical forms), sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, folliculitis, streptoderma, erysipelas, dental infections, local and widespread mycobacterial infections.
• Method of administration: 250 mg twice a day. In particularly severe cases, the dosage may be increased. The drug is taken regardless of food, with water. Duration of therapy is 5-14 days.
• Side effects: pain in the epigastric region, nausea and vomiting, changes in taste, fungal lesions of the oral mucosa. Headaches and dizziness, increased anxiety, cardiovascular disorders, skin allergic reactions are also possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, patients under 12 years of age, first trimester of pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are recommended for treatment.

The medicine is available in enteric-coated tablet form of 250 and 500 mg.

3. Spiramycin

Macrolide antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms occurs due to inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis. The drug is active against mycoplasma pneumoniae, but is resistant to pseudomonads, spiramycin enterobacteria.

• Indications for use: atypical pneumonia (associated with legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydial infection), pharyngitis, bronchitis, toxoplasmosis, skin and soft tissue infections, tonsillitis, arthritis, urethritis, otitis, ENT diseases and gynecological infections.
• The method of application and dosage are determined individually for each patient. The duration of treatment is 10-14 days, the prophylactic course is 5 days.
• Side effects: skin rashes, ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, transient paresthesia, angioedema, thrombocytopenia. Overdose is manifested by an increase in the above reactions. There is no antidote, treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pediatric practice, pregnancy and lactation, G6PD deficiency. With special caution it is prescribed in case of liver failure and biliary obstruction.

Available in tablets, 10 capsules per package.

If the disease is mild, then oral antibacterial drugs are prescribed: tablets, syrups. In complicated cases, intramuscular injections are indicated.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

They are used to eliminate severe intoxication syndrome: high temperature, chills, feverish state.

1. Ibuprofen

An analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent. Its mechanism of action is based on the suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis through inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme.

• Indications for use: neuralgia, complex therapy of ENT diseases, traumatic inflammation of soft tissues and the musculoskeletal system, bursitis, radiculitis, arthritis, adnexitis, osteoarthrosis, toothache and headache.
• Directions for use: For moderate pain, take 400 mg 2-3 times a day. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 2.4 g.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn and other gastrointestinal disorders. Headaches and sleep disorders, skin allergic reactions. In rare cases, erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchospasms occur.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the drug, optic nerve diseases, severe renal/liver dysfunction, patients under 6 years of age, hematopoiesis disorders, "aspirin" triad. Use during pregnancy and lactation is possible only on medical prescription.
• Overdose: abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, headaches and tinnitus, acute renal failure, respiratory arrest, metabolic acidosis, lethargy. Gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated for treatment.

Ibuprofen is available as enteric-coated tablets with 200 mg of active ingredient in each capsule.

2. Paracetamol

Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Its mechanism of action is based on the suppression of the thermoregulation center and inhibition of the synthesis of inflammation mediators and prostaglandins.

• Indications for use: symptomatic therapy of pain syndrome of various origins, conditions with hyperthermic reactions in infectious and inflammatory pathologies.
• The method of administration depends on the form of the drug. For example, tablets are taken at 350-500 mg 3-4 times a day. The maximum daily dosage is 3-4 g. The medicine is taken after meals with liquid.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region, increased drowsiness, renal colic, anemia, leukopenia, skin allergic reactions, muscle weakness.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, renal and hepatic insufficiency. It is prescribed with special caution during pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: increased drowsiness, pale skin, nausea, vomiting and dizziness, toxic effects on the liver.

Paracetamol is available in the following forms: enteric-coated tablets, capsules and syrup for oral use, rectal suppositories.

3. Nimesulide

NSAID from the sulfonanilide group. It is used to eliminate pain of various origins, arthralgia and myalgia. The analgesic effect develops within 20 minutes. The drug is taken 100 mg 3-4 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 400 mg.

• Side effects: increased sleepiness, dizziness and headaches, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, skin allergic reactions. Pathological changes in the blood picture are also possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation, children under 12 years of age, renal and hepatic insufficiency. It is prescribed with special caution in case of ulcerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract, heart failure, arterial hypertension.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute renal failure, respiratory depression, increased drowsiness, allergic reactions. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.

It is available in the form of a suspension for the preparation of an oral solution, tablets and external gel.

To enhance the antipyretic effect, the above-mentioned NSAIDs are combined with antispasmodics and antihistamines.

Cough medicines

Antitussives act on the inflammation site in the lungs. Their mechanism of action is mucolytic, expectorant and muconitic. The drugs suppress the cough reflex, regulate the function of sputum production and metabolism in the epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract.

1. Bronchicum

A medicinal product with antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and sputum-thinning properties. Effectively eliminates painful paroxysmal cough.

Indications for use: paroxysmal cough, acute and chronic lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The method of administration and dosage are individual for each patient. Side effects are manifested in the form of irritation of the gastric mucosa. Available in the form of drops and elixir for oral use.

2. Carbocisteine

A mucolytic agent, liquefies bronchial secretions and accelerates their removal from the body. Normalizes the chemical and physical properties of sputum. It is used for respiratory diseases with the release of large viscous secretions. Patients are prescribed 1-2 capsules 2-3 times a day until the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

Side effects include skin allergic reactions and gastrointestinal disorders. The drug is contraindicated in ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum. It is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. Carbocisteine is available in capsule and syrup form in vials for oral administration.

3. Bromhexine

A medicine that increases secretion of bronchial glands. Reduces sputum viscosity and has a pronounced expectorant effect. It is used for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs, bronchi and trachea. It is prescribed for bronchiectasis, bronchography.

Bromhexine is taken 4-8 mg 3-4 times a day. For patients under 2 years old, the drug is prescribed in the form of syrup. Side effects include bouts of nausea and vomiting, various dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions.

There are no absolute contraindications for taking the medication. It is prescribed with special caution in case of hypersensitivity to the drug, gastrointestinal bleeding, early pregnancy and peptic ulcer of the stomach. The drug is available in the form of tablets and syrup.

Bronchodilators

This group of drugs is most often prescribed for the treatment of atypical inflammation of the respiratory system in pediatric patients and those with a predisposition to bronchial hyperreactivity.

1. Berodual

Expands the lumen of the bronchi with the help of active substances - ipratropium bromide and fenoterol. The interaction of these components is effective in the bronchodilator therapy of diseases with increased tone of the bronchial muscles.

• Indications for use: complex supportive therapy and prevention of respiratory failure in pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchopulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma. Also prescribed for preparing the respiratory tract for aerosol administration of drugs.
• The method of application and dosage are individual for each patient, as they depend on the severity of the disease and other characteristics of the patient's body. To enhance the therapeutic effect, the drug is recommended to be taken with corticosteroids.
• Side effects: temporary visual impairment, tremors of the extremities, dry mouth, increased heart rate, increased intraocular pressure.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, first and last trimester of pregnancy. It is prohibited to take with xanthine derivatives and non-cardioselective beta-blockers.

Available in the form of an aerosol for inhalation and a solution for inhalation in 20 ml bottles.

2. Euphyllin

Relieves spasms of smooth muscles of the bronchi, relaxing muscle tissue. Reduces pressure in the pulmonary artery system, dilates cardiac vessels. Has a moderate diuretic effect and inhibits platelet aggregation.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma and bronchospasms, hypertension in the pulmonary circulation, cardiac asthma, respiratory disorders. Prescribed to relieve cerebral vascular crises, improves renal blood flow.
• The method of administration depends on the form of the drug. In acute attacks of bronchial asthma, the drug is administered intravenously, in other cases orally or intramuscularly. The dosage is determined by the doctor for each patient individually.
• Side effects: digestive disorders, headaches and dizziness, convulsions, increased heart rate.
• Contraindications: intolerance to components, low blood pressure, tachycardia, epilepsy, coronary insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmia.

Euphyllin is available in several forms: powder for solution, tablets for oral use, ampoules and solution.

3. Fenoterol

Stimulator of beta-adrenoreceptors of bronchi. Expands the lumen of bronchi, effectively relieves bronchospasms of various genesis, asthma attacks. Increases the frequency and volume of breathing. The therapeutic effect lasts for 6-8 hours.

• Indications for use: relief of bronchial asthma attacks, infectious lung diseases with difficulty breathing, pulmonary emphysema.
• Method of application: Adult patients and children over 6 years of age are prescribed single doses of 0.2 mg aerosol. If the asthma attack does not pass after a single inhalation, then after 5-7 minutes the inhalation can be repeated.
• Side effects: tremors of the limbs, increased anxiety, increased heart rate, fatigue, headache and increased sweating.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, arrhythmia, severe atherosclerosis.

The medicine is intended for inhalation, so it is available in 15 ml aerosol cans. Each package contains 300 single doses. There is also a tablet form and ampoules for injections.

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Antibiotics for mycoplasma pneumonia

Antibacterial therapy is the main method of eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. Antibiotics for mycoplasma pneumonia are selected by a doctor, individually for each patient. When choosing a drug, the severity of the disease, the presence of chronic pathologies and other characteristics of the patient's body are taken into account.

Let's look at the main types of antibiotics used to destroy Mycoplasma pneumoniae:

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Tetracyclines

1. Doxibene

An antimicrobial agent with bacteriostatic properties. Contains the active component doxycycline. Its mechanism of action is based on inhibition of protein synthesis in the cells of pathogenic microorganisms. The drug is active against most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria sensitive to the drug. Prescribed for atypical forms of pneumonia, typhus, bacterial conjunctivitis, Lyme disease. Effective in otolaryngological, urological, venereological and gynecological practice.
• Method of administration: for patients weighing more than 70 kg, 200 mg per day is prescribed at one time or divided into two doses. For patients weighing from 50 to 70 kg, 200 mg on the first day of therapy, followed by a dosage of 100 mg per day. For patients under 50 kg, 4 mg/kg of body weight. The course of treatment is 7-14 days.
• Side effects: cardiovascular disorders, decreased visual acuity, leukopenia, leukocytosis, paresthesia, convulsions, increased blood pressure and excitability. Urinary system disorders, skin allergic reactions, muscle pain, candidiasis are also possible.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, severe liver and kidney dysfunction, patients under 8 years of age, pregnancy and lactation. It is prescribed with special caution in case of arrhythmia, for patients exposed to excessive ultraviolet radiation.
• Overdose: liver and gastrointestinal dysfunction. There is no specific antidote, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated.

Doxibene is available in capsule form for oral use with 100 and 200 mg of the active ingredient.

2. Doxycycline

A semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. Active against gram-positive microorganisms, aerobic and anaerobic cocci, aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

• Indications for use: acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural empyema, gastrointestinal and ENT infections, urinary tract. Effective in inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, purulent infections of soft tissues. Also used in the prevention of surgical infections.
• Method of administration: the drug is taken orally after meals, washed down with water to reduce irritation of the esophagus. The drug is taken at 100-200 mg depending on the severity of the disease. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bowel disturbances, allergic skin reactions, rashes, increased sweating, headaches and dizziness.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, last trimesters of pregnancy and lactation, patients under 9 years of age. Leukopenia, severe renal failure, porphyria.

The drug is available in capsule form for oral use.

2. Minocycline

An antibacterial agent that stops the reproduction of bacteria and has a broad spectrum of action. It is active against most pathogenic microorganisms.

• Indications for use: upper and lower respiratory tract infections, psittacosis, infectious-allergic disease, urinary tract inflammation, conjunctivitis, trachoma, inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes, brucellosis, skin and soft tissue infections, meningococcal infection.
• Method of administration: the dosage is 200 mg on the first day of treatment and 100 mg thereafter. Duration of treatment is 5-12 days.
• Side effects: disturbances of appetite and stool, nausea, vomiting, increased activity of liver enzymes, allergic skin reactions, joint and muscle pain.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to drugs from the tetracycline group, pregnancy and lactation, patients under 8 years of age.

The medicine is available in tablet form in packages of 50 and 100 pieces. There is also a suspension for oral administration in 5 ml bottles.

Macrolides

1. Azitsin

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Contains the active ingredient azithromycin. Has high acid resistance. Inhibits the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.

• Indications for use: pulmonary mycoplasmosis and other diseases of the respiratory system, soft tissue and skin infections, urethritis, colpitis, bacterial prostatitis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, early stages of Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: the medicine is taken on an empty stomach with plenty of liquid. For infectious pathology of the respiratory tract, 500 mg is prescribed for three days. The total course dose is 1500 mg. For children, the drug is prescribed at a dosage of 10 mg / kg of body weight once a day, the duration of therapy is 3 days.
• Side effects: dizziness and headaches, insomnia, increased excitability, tremor of the extremities. Tachycardia, neutropenia, gastrointestinal and liver disorders, conjunctivitis, skin allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, patients under 3 years of age, pregnancy and lactation, severe liver dysfunction.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, temporary hearing loss, hepatitis. There is no specific antidote, gastric lavage and enterosorbents are administered.

The medicine is available in tablet form: 3 capsules per blister, 1 blister per package.

2. Macropen

Macrolide antibiotic with the active substance midecamycin. Has a broad spectrum of action. After oral administration, it is quickly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, reaching maximum concentration in 1-2 hours. Increased drug content is observed in areas of inflammation, in bronchial secretions and skin.

• Indications for use: infections of the respiratory tract, mucous membranes and skin, genitourinary system, diphtheria, whooping cough and other infectious pathologies caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.
• The method of application and dosage are calculated individually for each patient. The age of the infected person and the severity of the disease are taken into account. The course of treatment does not exceed 7-12 days.
• Side effects: loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, allergic skin reactions, increased levels of liver enzymes.
• Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, severe liver failure. The drug is taken during pregnancy when the potential benefit to the mother is higher than the risks to the fetus.
• Overdose: nausea and vomiting. There is no specific antidote. Adsorbents are recommended to speed up the elimination of the drug from the body.

Macropen is available in the form of tablets containing 400 mg of active ingredient each and in the form of granules for the preparation of a suspension.

3. Roxithromycin

Semi-synthetic antibacterial agent. Has a broad spectrum of action against most pathogenic microorganisms.

• Indications for use: upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including atypical forms. Skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary tract. Prevention of meningococcal meningitis.
• Method of administration: Adult patients are prescribed 150 mg twice a day before meals. In particularly severe cases, the dosage may be increased.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, allergic skin reactions, transient increase in alkaline phosphatase and transaminase levels.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation. It is prescribed with caution to patients with a history of allergic reactions.

Roxithromycin is available in tablet form with different dosages.

Fluoroquinolones

1. Gatispan

Antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of action. After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absolute bioavailability is more than 96%. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is achieved within 2-3 hours after administration. Binding to plasma proteins is about 20%. It is excreted as metabolites in urine and feces.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, lung abscess, sinusitis. Infections of the urinary system, skin and soft tissues, chronic infections of the urinary tract, bones and joints, STDs.
• Method of administration: the medicine is taken in a dose of 200-400 mg once a day. The course of treatment depends on the doctor's indications, the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, appetite and stool disorders, flatulence, gastritis, stomatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding. Sleep disorders, increased anxiety, headaches and dizziness, muscle cramps. Arterial hypertension, bone pain, bronchospasms, swelling of the face and mucous membranes, allergic reactions.
• Contraindications: patients under 18 years of age, pregnancy and lactation, individual intolerance to the components of the drug.
• Overdose is manifested by more pronounced side effects. To improve the patient's condition, gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are recommended.

Gatispan is available as enteric-coated tablets containing 200 and 400 mg of active substance each.

2. Zoflox

A drug with a fluoroquinolone derivative and a bactericidal effect. It has a broad spectrum of action, but is especially active against mycobacteria of atypical pneumonia and beta-lactamases.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, orchitis, sinusitis, urethritis, soft tissue infections and dermatological lesions of an infectious nature, pyelonephritis, joint infections. Used to prevent infectious complications in immunodeficiency states.
• Method of administration: tablets are taken orally, and the solution for infusions is administered intravenously by drip. Standard dosage is 200-600 mg/day, the course of treatment is 8-10 days.
• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, various gastrointestinal and central nervous system disorders, abdominal pain, tremors of the extremities, paresthesia, etc.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, recent craniocerebral trauma, epilepsy and stroke in the anamnesis, inflammation in the central nervous system, pediatric practice, pregnancy and lactation. With special caution it is prescribed for disorders of cerebral circulation.
• Overdose: symptoms of CNS depression, nausea and vomiting. Treatment is symptomatic, gastric lavage. Hemodialysis is ineffective.

Zoflox is available in tablets and as a solution for infusion.

3. Faktiv

A broad-spectrum antibiotic. Used for many infectious diseases, including atypical pneumonia.

• Indications for use: diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug, community-acquired pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, sinusitis in the acute stage.

• Method of administration: tablets are taken orally, regardless of food, without chewing. Daily dosage is 320 mg, treatment course is 7-10 days. In case of severe renal impairment, the dose should be reduced to 160 mg.

• Side effects: skin allergic reactions, digestive disorders, flatulence. In rare cases, the drug causes malignant exudative erythema, appetite disorders, increased activity of liver enzymes. Overdose is manifested by an increase in the above reactions. Treatment is symptomatic.

• Contraindications: allergy to the components of the drug and other fluoroquinolones. Extended QT interval and tendon pathologies. The drug is not used in pediatric practice. With special caution, it is prescribed for patients with epilepsy, with a tendency to seizures, arrhythmia. It is not prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.

Faktiv is available in the form of enteric-coated tablets of 160 and 360 mg of the active substance. One package may contain 5 or 7 tablets of the drug.

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Vilprafen

An antibacterial agent from the macrolide group. Vilprafen has bacteriostatic properties, which are due to the inhibition of protein synthesis by bacteria. It is highly active against most intracellular pathogens, including mycoplasma pneumoniae.

After oral administration, it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood plasma is observed 1-2 hours after oral administration. Binding to plasma proteins is at the level of 15%. The active component is josamycin, it penetrates biological membranes well and accumulates in tissues. Particularly high concentrations are determined in the lungs, saliva, sweat, tears. It is absorbed in the liver, excreted with bile and urine in the form of active metabolites.

• Indications for use: atypical pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, bronchitis, whooping cough, gingivitis, skin and soft tissue infections, urethritis, gonorrhea, prostatitis. The drug is effective against mycoplasma, ureaplasma, chlamydial and mixed infections of the genitourinary system.
• The method of administration and dosage depend on the patient's age. For patients over 14 years old, 500 mg is prescribed 2-4 times a day. It is recommended to take the tablets between meals with water. For patients under 14 years old and infants, the drug is prescribed in the form of a suspension. The daily dosage is 30 mg / kg of body weight in three doses. The course of treatment is 5-10 days.
• Side effects: appetite disorders, nausea, vomiting, dysbacteriosis, bile outflow disorders, allergic reactions, hearing disorders, candidiasis. Overdose is manifested by the same symptoms. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug, severe liver dysfunction. The use of the antibiotic during pregnancy and lactation is possible only on medical prescription, taking into account the risks to the fetus.

Vilprafen is available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral administration.

Klacid

Semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic with the active substance clarithromycin. Has antibacterial properties, inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins. The tablets are a homogeneous crystalline mass. The active component is released during passage through the gastrointestinal tract and has a broad antibacterial effect.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, bronchitis, polysinusitis, pharyngitis, monosinusitis, skin and soft tissue infections, chlamydial infections of the urogenital tract, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.
• Directions for use: one capsule of 500 mg 1-2 times daily. Tablets should be taken during meals, swallowed whole, i.e., without breaking or chewing.
• Side effects: ventricular arrhythmia and tachycardia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomatitis and pancreatitis, oral candidiasis. Headaches and dizziness, increased anxiety, insomnia, noise and ringing in the ears, convulsions, temporary hearing loss and skin allergic reactions may also occur. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to active components, severe renal failure, porphyria, pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: decreased potassium in the body and decreased oxygen levels in the blood, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Gastric lavage with further supportive therapy is indicated for treatment.

Klacid is available in the form of 500 mg tablets in a blister of 5, 10 and 14 pieces, 1-2 blisters per package.

Sumamed

A broad-spectrum antibiotic from the macrolide group. When it gets into the inflammation site, it creates high concentrations, providing a bactericidal effect. Sumamed is active against gram-positive cocci, streptococci, gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

When administered orally, it is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, as it is resistant to acidic environments and lipophilic. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is achieved in 2-3 hours, bioavailability is 35%. The active components of the drug are quickly distributed throughout the body, penetrating the respiratory tract, organs and tissues of the urogenital tract, skin and soft tissues.

The concentration of the active substance in the foci of infection is 25% higher than in healthy tissues.

The main feature of Sumamed is that its bactericidal concentrations remain in the inflammation site for 5-7 days, which allows for short courses of treatment.

• Indications for use: infectious pathologies caused by pathogens sensitive to the drug. The drug is prescribed for infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs, for infections of the lower respiratory tract, atypical pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary tract infections, Lyme disease.
• Method of administration: the drug is taken once a day one hour before meals or 2-3 hours after meals. For pneumonia, adult patients are prescribed 500 mg, and for children 10 mg/kg for 3 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances, increased gas formation, transient increase in liver enzymes, skin rashes. Treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug and macrolides. It is prescribed with caution in case of severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, as well as in case of allergic reactions to the drug in the anamnesis. The use of Sumamed during pregnancy is possible only on medical prescription, when the potential benefit outweighs the possible risks.
• Overdose: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hearing impairment. Gastric lavage and further symptomatic therapy are indicated for treatment.

It is available in the form of tablets for oral administration of 125, 250 and 500 mg, as well as in the form of capsules for oral administration of 250 mg. The pediatric form of release is vials with powder for the preparation of a suspension. It is dispensed from pharmacies on a doctor's prescription.

Vitamins

Atypical pneumonia, like any other disease, requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. Vitamins are necessary to normalize metabolism and improve the body's tolerance to antibacterial drugs. Nutrients not only promote recovery, but also enhance the protective properties of the immune system.

Most often, patients are prescribed the following vitamins:

• A, C, E – reduce the degree of damage to vascular membranes and improve their condition.
• B1 – reduces the accumulation of metabolic products of pathogenic microorganisms. Normalizes the metabolism of the liver and heart.
• B2 – improves the condition of the mucous membranes of internal organs and skin, activates metabolic processes.
• B6 – enhances metabolic processes, regulates the functioning of the central nervous system.
• B12 – regulates hematopoiesis and metabolic processes, improves the functioning of the central nervous system, liver and other organs.

Multivitamin complexes have a complex effect: Multi-tabs, Vitrum, Neurovitan, Duovit and others. Along with vitamins and minerals, to improve well-being and prevent infectious processes, you should adhere to a balanced diet.

Physiotherapy treatment

To speed up recovery and minimize the risk of developing severe complications of pneumonia, physiotherapy is recommended. Physiotherapy treatment has a desensitizing and bacteriostatic effect, helps strengthen the immune system.

For mycoplasma pneumonia the following methods may be prescribed:

• Inductothermy – the affected area is exposed to a high-frequency magnetic field. This enhances microcirculation and lymph flow, reduces bronchospasms, increases metabolism and improves sputum discharge. Physiotherapy promotes muscle relaxation and stops inflammatory processes.
• UHF electromagnetic field – used in acute inflammation. The electric field reduces tissue swelling and the exudation process, restores microcirculation.
• Ultraviolet irradiation – has anti-inflammatory properties and promotes the resorption of infiltrates, activates local blood circulation. The action of irradiation is directed at the front and back surfaces of the chest.
• Electrophoresis – this method is often combined with an UHF electromagnetic field. The procedure is based on the effect of a medicine on the body through which an electric current is passed. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
• Decimeter wave treatment – has an anti-inflammatory effect, improves tissue metabolism and increases blood circulation in the lungs. The procedure has pronounced anti-inflammatory properties.
• Magnetotherapy – prescribed for severe intoxication processes. Reduces swelling, improves metabolic processes and capillary blood circulation.
• Thermal applications – prescribed to eliminate residual symptoms of the disease. Applications of mud, paraffin and other active components are applied to the chest.
• Inhalations are the most accessible, but at the same time effective physiotherapy procedure. The method improves the functioning of the upper respiration and has a bacteriostatic effect. The effect on the affected mucous membranes occurs by inhaling medications.

Physiotherapy treatment is carried out only by doctor's prescription, as it has certain contraindications: high body temperature, bleeding, cardiac or pulmonary failure of 2-3 degrees, severe disorders of the cardiovascular system, bullous emphysema of the lungs, neoplasms, blood diseases. The duration of therapy and the frequency of treatment procedures are individual for each patient.

Folk remedies

One of the unconventional, but quite popular methods of eliminating atypical pneumonia is folk treatment. Most often, the following recipes are used for mycoplasma respiratory tract infection:

• Dissolve a teaspoon of honey in a glass of warm water and add a couple of drops of lemon juice. Drink the drink 3-4 times a day during the entire course of treatment and after it.
• Pour a glass of milk over 2 figs and simmer over low heat for 15-20 minutes. Take ½ glass 2 times a day.
• Take 50 g of walnuts and pour 500 ml of red wine over them. Boil the remedy over low heat for 20-30 minutes. Take a tablespoon for 2-3 months.
• Finely chop a couple of aloe leaves and mix with a glass of honey. Add 500 ml of warm water to the mixture and simmer for 1-2 hours over low heat. The finished medicine should be taken 1-2 tablespoons 2-3 times a day. The product can be stored in the refrigerator.
• Take meadowsweet and St. John's wort in a 2:1 ratio. Mix the plant components and divide into 4 parts. Pour boiling water over 2 parts, boil over medium heat and let it brew until cool. Take the decoction 3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

In addition to the above folk methods for accelerating the treatment of mycoplasmosis, garlic should be included in the diet. You need to eat 2-4 cloves per day, adding them to salads and other dishes.

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Herbal treatment

Another way to treat mycoplasma pneumonia is to use herbal substances. Herbal treatment has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and helps strengthen the immune system.

Popular recipes for pulmonary mycoplasmosis:

• Take equal proportions of corn silk, chamomile, St. John's wort, cornflower and knotweed. Mix all the ingredients thoroughly and pour 500 ml of boiling water. Let the remedy steep until it cools, strain and take ½ cup before meals.
• Pour 1 liter of purified water over 2 parts St. John's wort, 3 parts black elderberry and 4 parts of herbaceous elderberry roots. Boil the mixture for 20-30 minutes, strain and consume throughout the day.
• Take equal parts of wintergreen, orthilia secunda and wintergreen. Pour 750 ml of boiling water over the mixture and leave to infuse until cool. Strain and take 100 ml 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 28 days.
• Blue cornflower has pronounced medicinal properties. Pour 500 ml of boiling water over two tablespoons of dried flowers, wrap carefully. After cooling, strain and take ½ cup 3-4 times a day.
• Herbal inhalations have medicinal properties. Mix the following herbs in equal proportions: chamomile, St. John's wort, calendula, celandine, pine needles, eucalyptus. Pour boiling water over the raw materials. Inhalations should last 10-20 minutes, the procedures should be carried out daily. The infusion can be used to rinse the nasal sinuses and gargle.
• A medicinal mixture of mint, lemon balm, chestnut flowers and fireweed has immunomodulatory properties. Take 5 tablespoons of the mixture and pour 1 liter of boiling water. It is better to infuse the remedy in a thermos. After 2-3 hours, strain and take 150 ml 3-4 times a day.

Before using herbal treatment, you should consult with your doctor, as some herbal components can cause allergic reactions and other side effects.

Homeopathy

Treatment of atypical pneumonia involves a comprehensive, all-round approach. Homeopathy is an alternative therapy. The following medications are used to eliminate the infectious process:

• Aconite - prescribed at the initial stage of the disease, can be replaced by Bryonia or Belladonna.
• Phosphorus, Ipecacuanha - used for sputum with blood clots.
• Sanguinaria - the secreted exudate has a rusty tint.
• Antimonium Tartaricum - the disease is accompanied by moist wheezing, heavy breathing and poor expectoration.
• Veratrum Viride, Camphor - pneumonia with severe cardiovascular insufficiency.
• Iodum, Kalium Iodatum - paroxysmal cough with severe chest pain, feverish condition.

If antibacterial therapy is ineffective in eliminating the infection, homeotherapeutic drugs may be prescribed: Sulphur, Arsenicum Album, Iodatum, and others. All medications are used only as prescribed by a homeopath, who selects the dosage and determines the duration of treatment.

Surgical treatment

To eliminate Mycoplasma pneumoniae, drug therapy is indicated. Surgical treatment is performed only in the presence of serious complications, such as:

1. Lung abscess is an inflammation of the lung tissue with the formation and melting of purulent-necrotic cavities. Bronchoscopy with aspiration and rinsing of the cavities with antiseptic solutions is performed for treatment. If the lesion is large, transthoracic puncture is indicated. In particularly severe cases, resection is performed, that is, removal of part of the organ.
2. Empyema of the pleura is an accumulation of pus in the anatomical cavities of the lung. Treatment is aimed at removing purulent exudate, straightening the organ tissues and reducing signs of intoxication. For this purpose, thoracostomy is performed, that is, open drainage. Pleurectomy, lung resection, intrapleural thoracoplasty and closure of the bronchopleural fistula are also possible.
3. Synpneumonic pleurisy is a purulent complication caused by an infectious agent. Intrapleural administration of antibiotics and drainage of the lung are indicated for treatment. During drainage, an underwater valve is installed, with the help of which the amount of sputum is noted. The drainage is removed after the exudation process has ceased.
4. Pyopneumothorax is a breakthrough of the contents of the pulmonary cavity into the pleural cavity. Treatment consists of drainage of the purulent cavity and elimination of painful symptoms. In case of tension pneumothorax, emergency decompression is performed, i.e. drainage is installed.
5. Cancer - oncological complications of mycoplasma pneumonia occur extremely rarely. Surgical treatment is the main method of therapy, in combination with chemotherapy. The operation is aimed at removing the tumor formation with the affected part of the organ.