MRI of brain, head and neck vessels with and without contrast

Diagnostic scanning of the body using magnetic fields is an MRI. Consider its features, types, indications, technique and possible complications.

Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral vessels is the study of vascular structures using nuclear magnetic resonance. Allows you to assess the bloodstream of the brain and identify its pathology, damage.

Obtaining two-dimensional images of blood vessels is performed with and without the use of a contrast agent. In the first case, the contrast fills the vessels, improving the image quality. In a non-contrast study, a computer-aided reconstruction of the vascular network is performed according to the blood flow velocity.

MR angiography is aimed at identifying aneurysms, vascular stenosis, developmental abnormalities, vascular malformations, circulatory disorders. A study is also conducted to assess the extent of surgical intervention if there are appropriate indications.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Indications for the procedure

Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral vessels is carried out in the presence of medical indications, consider the main ones:

• Severe headaches and dizziness, migraine.
• Impaired hearing, vision.
• Brain hemorrhages.
• Ischemic, hemorrhagic stroke.
• Pathology of the skull.
• Inflammatory lesion of blood vessels.
• Epilepsy.
• Bruises and head injuries.
• Squeezing the brain tissue.
• Vascular malformations.
• Atherosclerotic changes.
• Aneurysm vessels.
• Tumor neoplasms.
• The separation of the walls of blood vessels.

MR-angiography is used for dynamic observation after operations on the brain vessels and in preparation for surgical interventions.

What do brain MRIs do?

The essence of MRI is the use of electromagnetic waves, which cause oscillations of the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in the molecules of the human body. That is, the tomograph works on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance. It accurately visualizes the structure of the brain, internal organs, tissues.

• Research is done in order to identify violations of cerebral circulation, assess blood flow and map the cerebral cortex.
• With the help of MRI it is possible to identify vessels affected by atherosclerosis, aneurysms, separation of vessel walls.
• To diagnose the processes of malformation of veins and arteries, occlusion, stenosis.

The device does not use radiation hazardous to the human body and provides the most detailed picture of the tissues under study.

MRI of cerebral vessels in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an irreversible pathology in which cholesterol and fats are deposited on the inner walls of the arteries. The deposits are in the form of plaques and plaque. They tighten the walls of the arteries, which leads to a narrowing of their lumen and the obstruction of blood flow, loss of elasticity. The danger of such conditions in the development of ischemic changes and hypoxia of intracerebral tissues.

The main reason for the passage of MR-diagnostics is the pathological symptoms of atherosclerosis:

• Lack of coordination and loss of motor activity.
• Sleep disturbance and urge to urinate.
• Loss of balance
• Dementia.
• Dysfunction of the internal organs.
• Disorders of neurological and mental activity.

The device makes a three-dimensional reconstruction of the brain and its vessels. The procedure is carried out with the use of a contrast agent, which, after propagation in the bloodstream, enhances the scan results. MR angiography reveals atherosclerotic plaques of any size, determines the occlusion of the lumen of the arteries, differentiates the places of bending of the vessels.

The main stages of the disease according to the results of tomography:

1. Single blotches of cholesterol drops in the vessels and arteries.
2. Deposition of platelets and fibrin fibers inside cholesterol plaques. The narrowing of the lumen of the cerebral arteries, ischemic damage to the parenchyma.
3. Calcium ions are deposited inside the plaque. This is manifested by spasms of the arteries and bouts of short-term memory loss.

Magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses vascular disease at any stage. With the help of research, it is possible to identify arterial spasms and other complications of atherosclerosis.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

MRI of cerebral vessels with stroke

A stroke is a violation of cerebral circulation with a number of specific symptoms. Depending on the mechanism of origin, the following types of pathology are distinguished:

• Ischemic (clogged thrombus of the blood arteries of the brain).
• Hemorrhagic (rupture of the blood artery in the brain or spinal cord).
• Cardioembolic.
• Lacunar (limited foci-cysts, formed due to blockage of one of the arteries of the brain).
• Subarachnoid.

According to the research, about 10% of patients are completely restored after a stroke, the remaining 90% face serious complications. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can reduce the risk of the effects of the disease.

MRI of cerebral vessels is the gold standard for diagnosing stroke, as it allows you to instantly detect the presence of hemorrhages. The tomograph with absolute certainty determines what type of stroke occurred, its cause and location. A highly sensitive study reveals the smallest abnormalities in the brain: rupture of the walls of blood vessels, edema, necrosis, circulatory disorders, blood clots, hematomas.

There are common signs of pathology on tomographic images characteristic of all types of the disease:

• Amplification of the signal and its heterogeneity.
• Formation of colliquation cysts.
• Reduced signal DVI and ICD.

After a stroke scan in the acute period (after 1-7 days), the pathological foci are clearly distinguished and delimited against the background of healthy brain tissue. In the subacute period (after 7-21 days), edema resolution is observed. In the chronic period (more than 21 days) there is a complete resolution of edema, expansion of the cortical furrows of the brain and lateral ventricles.

Magnetic resonance imaging is used not only to confirm a stroke, but also for differential diagnosis. Also, tomography is shown as a preventive measure for hypertensive patients and other patients at risk of developing stroke.

[10]

MRI of the brain with vessels for hypertension

Hypertension (elevated pressure) is a pathology of the cardiovascular system caused by dysfunction of the centers of vascular regulation, renal and endocrine mechanisms, functional and organic changes in the heart.

Hypertension has several types:

1. Essential arterial or primary hypertension develops as an independent chronic disease. In this case, the increased pressure acts as an imbalance of the regulatory systems of the body.
2. Secondary (symptomatic) is a sign of the main disease: pathology of the kidneys, thyroid, adrenal glands, atherosclerosis, and more.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with vessels in hypertension is one of the most informative diagnostic methods. The study allows to exclude volumetric neoplasms of the kidneys and adrenal glands, anomalies of their development, renal artery stenosis and other pathologies. According to the results of tomography and laboratory tests, a treatment plan and preventive measures are prepared.

[11], [12]

Preparation

Magnetic resonance imaging, like any other diagnostic procedure, requires special training. The patient is examined and additional information is collected:

• The presence in the patient's body of metal objects: prostheses, dental implants and other foreign bodies with metal elements.
• Comprehensive examination of the body, as well as the collection of anamnesis, the study of complaints and symptoms, the presence of chronic diseases.
• The presence of injuries, recent operations and other injuries that may affect the course of the survey.
• To obtain a more accurate picture using a contrast agent. In this case, you should perform allergy tests and ensure that there are no allergic reactions to the drugs used.

Before the procedure, remove all metal jewelry and leave electromagnetic devices. If the patient remains in his clothes, then you need to make sure that there are no metal inserts, rivets, buttons, zippers on it.

Technique MRI of brain vessels

After preparing for the MRI, the patient is placed on a couch and his position is fixed. When studying the cerebral vessels, the head is fixed in a special pillow base. If there is evidence, then a contrast agent is injected. For patients who find it difficult to maintain immobility and attention-deficient children, anesthesia is recommended.

The couch with the patient is pushed into the tomograph. With the help of a magnetic field apparatus makes layered images of the brain. The results of the study recorded on digital media. This eliminates the need to re-conduct diagnostics when referring to another specialist. The procedure lasts from 15 to 30 minutes, after which the patient receives a medical opinion with the results of the examination.

MRI of the brain with vessels with accompanying

The method of layer-by-layer examination of organs and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance is magnetic resonance imaging. The procedure has a wide range of indications for treatment. The survey is performed on a tomograph, which is open and closed.

The first is an open circuit, so a person with claustrophobia (fear of confined space) quietly tolerates the procedure.

If the examination is performed in a closed tomograph, then it is allowed to take an accompanying person with you to calm the nervous system. The latter may be a relative or close friend, you can also include relaxing music.

Types of MRI of the brain with vessels

Magnetic resonance imaging is a highly accurate diagnostic method used to determine the state of the brain and its components, internal organs and tissues of the body.

Diagnostic scanning of blood vessels is one of the types of MRI of the brain. Scanning areas also include: cranial nerves, pituitary, temporomandibular joints, sinuses of the nose.

Basic MRI Techniques Research:

• Diffuse - gives information about the microstructure of tissues, the presence of edema. Shows the microscopic movement of molecules in water.
• Dynamic contrast tomography - a contrast is introduced into the patient's body, after which a series of images or videos of the study area are taken.
• Angiography (MRA) - visualizes blood vessels and arteries. Conducted with or without contrast.
• Spectroscopy - information on chemical processes in cells. Allows you to determine the size and extent of spread of the tumor.
• Perfusion - visualizes blood flow in the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) and tissues. Used in the diagnosis of pathologies of the brain: tumors, stroke, blood clots.

The study is distinguished by the use of contrast enhancement:

1. Non-contrast MRI is performed to visualize the vascular components of the brain (veins, arteries). Most often prescribed for strokes, aneurysms, thrombosis and other vascular pathologies. Allows you to assess the functional and anatomical features of the bloodstream of the study area.
2. MRI with a contrast agent - used for a more detailed study of the state of the vessels. The main indication is a suspicion of oncolopology. Gadolinium-based contrast agents visualize vascular structures in detail, detect blood clots and areas with abnormal blood supply. Derivatives of compounds of iron with oxygen or compounds of manganese can also be used as dyes. Contrast is administered intravenously, bolus or orally.

Diagnostic manipulation is divided by the type of tomograph used:

• Open - the advantage of such a device is that in the process of research the patient does not feel the fear of a closed space. These scanners are suitable for examining patients with greater weight and height, small children.
• Closed - has a tunnel design. The patient is placed on a couch, which is pushed into the tomograph. Because of the limited space, many patients begin to experience discomfort and bouts of claustrophobia.

Also, the study of blood vessels, that is, MR-angiography can be time-of-flight, when blood flow velocity is estimated through a certain part of the brain vessel. Four-dimensional angiography is used for separate studies of venous and arterial blood.

MRI of brain vessels with contrast

Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast enhancement has a wide range of indications. The procedure is carried out for more detailed visualization of the structure of tissues and body systems.

MRI of the brain and its vessels is shown in such cases:

• Diseases of the central nervous system (pituitary tumors, tumors and metastases of the brain, tumor lesions of the bridge-cerebellar angle).
• Chronic inflammatory diseases of the nervous system of autoimmune origin (multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophy, leukoencephalopathy, etc.).
• Acute cerebral circulatory disorders of the ischemic or hemorrhagic type.
• Vascular pathologies of the central nervous system.
• The study of the structure of the revealed tumors.
• Infectious diseases.

There are also a number of symptoms for which MRI of the brain is shown with contrast:

• Headaches and migraines.
• Epileptic seizures.
• Cramps.
• Dizziness.
• Violation of sensitivity (tactile, temperature, pain).
• Paresthesias and goosebumps.
• Progressive decline in sharp eyesight, hearing.

Contrasting MRI is performed to assess the amount of surgical intervention, as it allows a detailed examination of all the nuances of the future surgical field and its interaction with the surrounding structures.

Before the diagnosis, the doctor makes allergy tests to determine the body's sensitivity to the contrast drug used. Individual intolerance or allergic reactions to contrast agents and their components is one of the contraindications for MRI with contrast. To correct the problem, it is possible to use antihistamine and corticosteroid drugs.

As a contrast, gadolinium, derived from compounds of iron with oxygen, compounds of manganese, is most often used. Once in the extracellular space, gadolinium forms weak bonds with the hydrogen of water molecules. In this case, the substance does not penetrate across the boundary between the bloodstream and brain cells (blood-brain barrier), that is, it does not affect tissue contrast.

Contraindications for MRI of cerebral vessels with contrast:

• Individual intolerance of a contrast agent.
• Severe renal failure.
• Impaired renal function.
• Pregnancy in the first trimester.
• Metallic implants, pacemakers, pumps and other structures in the patient's body, except for dental pins.
• The weight of the patient is more than 120 kg.

After the procedure should stop breastfeeding for 24 hours. Also distinguish a number of relative contraindications:

• Severe cardiovascular failure.
• Myeloma
• Bronchial asthma.

In each case, the decision on the examination is made individually.

During contrast enhancement, the patient may experience a hot / cold episode, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, urge to urinate. After a while, the unpleasant symptoms will go away on their own. To reduce the risk of their development, not a dense meal is recommended before the procedure.

If, after the diagnosis, there is difficulty breathing, itchy skin rash, pain, burning or a feeling of distention at the injection site, you should immediately inform your doctor. In this case, the contract does not affect mental activity and the ability to drive a vehicle or other mechanisms.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17]

MRI of brain vessels without contrast

Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral vessels without the use of a contrast agent is carried out to assess the condition of veins and arteries. The main indications for diagnosis:

• Stroke (hemorrhagic, ischemic).
• Aneurysms.
• Thrombosis.
• Vascular pathology.

Non-contrast MRI determines the functional and anatomical features of the bloodstream of the studied area. The procedure is non-invasive and painless. Radio waves and a magnetic field are used to obtain two-dimensional images of blood vessels. Scan data is read by a tomograph and visualized by a computer.

Diagnostic manipulation without a contrast agent reveals tumors, signs of a stroke, pathological changes in brain tissues and vessels, and various vascular anomalies.

[18]

MRI of the head and brain vessels

A layer-by-layer study of the head and brain vessels using nuclear magnetic resonance is rightfully considered one of the most informative diagnostic methods. The procedure is non-invasive and completely painless. During the scan, high-frequency pulses and powerful magnetic fields are used. With their help, the computer receives detailed information about the state and development of vessels and other structures of the studied area.

Main indications for MRI:

• Suspected brain tumor.
• Cramps.
• Stroke.
• Heart rhythm disorders.
• Impaired memory, vision.
• Injuries.
• Weakness in limbs.
• Irritability.
• Mental disorders.
• Pathology of the pituitary gland.
• Fast fatiguability.
• Violation of coordination of movements.
• Damage to the inner ear.

Magnetic resonance imaging reveals inflammatory processes in the nose, ears, maxillary sinuses. The procedure is carried out with the use of a contrast agent and without. Duration of diagnosis is not more than 30 minutes.

MRI of brain and neck vessels

High-precision diagnostic manipulation, which allows to obtain the most objective picture of the state of the vessels of the brain and neck arteries - this is a tomography. Compared to other studies, MRI has a number of distinct advantages:

• Suitable for patients with hypersensitivity to iodine-containing contrast agents.
• MRI creates a magnetic field and does not use a radiation load, so the procedure can be performed the necessary number of times during the day / week.
• The results of the survey in 3D and video format.

Scanning of the neck vessels is sensitive to the speed of the blood, therefore it allows visualizing the features of the blood flow, the structure and functions of the venous bed, the vessels and their walls, the surrounding tissues. Due to this, the doctor receives reliable data on the location of the vessels, their diameter, separation, obstruction, clearance between the walls.

Indications for MRI of the neck and head vessels:

• Neoplasm.
• Anomalies of the sizes of vessels and veins, their localization.
• Vein fusion.
• Pathology of the carotid artery.
• Vascular aneurysm.
• Thrombophlebitis.
• Vasculitis.
• Germination in the vessels of soft tissue tumors.
• Squeezing of vessels with scar tissue in the postoperative period and after injuries.
• Blood pressure jumps.
• Headache and dizziness.
• Fainting and faint state.
• Violation of sleep and memory.
• Disturbance of speech, vision, swallowing.

The procedure is contraindicated for patients with middle ear implants and a pacemaker. The relative contraindications include: intravascular stents, pregnancy, somatic diseases in the decompensated stage, metal implants.

MRI angiography of cerebral vessels

Mr angiography is a procedure for obtaining two-dimensional images of blood vessels using a magnetic resonance imager. Features of angiography:

• Diagnosis of the circulatory system.
• Identification of areas with impaired blood flow.
• Localization of contractions, aneurysms.

The study aims to study the cerebral vessels, blood flow in the capillaries, veins and arteries. During the procedure, the lumens of blood vessels, their walls and surrounding tissues are visualized. The presence of blood clots, atherosclerotic plaques, wall separation is determined. If a higher degree of visualization is required, then contrast agents are used.

Angiography prescribed for suspected damage to blood vessels of the brain or cervical spine. The examination allows to determine the cause of frequent headaches and dizziness, a sharp decrease in the severity of hearing, vision. Assess the condition of the vessels before neurosurgical operations and to monitor the healing process.

[19], [20]

MRI of the vessels and veins of the brain

Magnetic resonance imaging allows to identify structural disorders of the brain and its vascular anomalies. The main indications for diagnosis:

• Tumor neoplasms.
• Strokes
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Hemorrhage.
• Contusional disturbances after injuries.
• Aneurysms.
• Arteriovenous malformations.
• Anomalies along the vessels.
• Stenosis and occlusion of blood vessels.
• Atherosclerotic changes.

The examination makes it possible to identify microstrokes in the early stages, hematomas, and visualize vascular structures. The procedure is carried out with or without contrast. The duration of the MRI is about 30 minutes. According to the scan results, the patient receives video and images of the surveyed area.

[21], [22]

MRI of cerebral vessels at home

Layer-by-layer studies of organs and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance are conducted to specialized clinics and laboratories. MRI at home do not, because the procedure is performed on complex equipment that is not adapted to frequent movements in space.

At the same time, there are vehicles in trailers that are used in hard-to-reach areas or poor countries to save money.

If necessary, MRI of cerebral vessels for patients who can not move independently, cause special vehicles. Such machines provide safe transportation, as they are equipped with all the necessary medical equipment.

[23], [24]

How long does MRI of cerebral vessels last?

The duration of magnetic resonance imaging takes from 20 to 60 minutes. The duration of the procedure depends on the following factors:

• Scope of research.
• The need to use contrast agents.
• The number of pathologies and their prevalence.

Before the procedure, the patient notifies the doctor about the presence of contraindications. If necessary, enter the contrast. To scan the patient laid on the couch and fix the head. This avoids even a slight change in the patient's posture due to the risk of inaccurate and blurred pictures.

If the patient is nervous before the MRI, then sedatives or light anesthesia may be used. The results of the study are ready a couple of hours after the scan. Pictures and videos are given to the patient in their hands or sent to their doctor. Tomography is not harmful to health, so it can be repeated.

MRI of brain vessels in children

Patients of childhood have a predisposition to the development of pathologies associated with the functioning of the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging is most often used for their diagnosis. This method allows you to identify the slightest changes in blood vessels and other structures of the brain.

Indications for the procedure:

• Recent injuries and concussions.
• Convulsive seizures.
• Frequent headaches and dizziness.
• Periodic fainting.
• Progressive decline in hearing, vision.
• Lag in development.
• Changes in behavior.

A layer-by-layer study of blood vessels using nuclear magnetic resonance makes it possible to identify cysts, abnormalities in the pituitary or inner ear, hypoxia, ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, abnormalities in the development of brain structures and other pathologies.

Diagnostic manipulation does not require special training. On the day of the procedure, there should not be any decorations or clothes with metallic elements on the baby. For a qualitative examination, it is necessary that the child lies motionless, so a harmless drug is selected for immersion in drug sleep. Anesthesia is selected by the anesthesia, given the available contraindications and possible reactions to the drug.

The magnetic field does not affect the body of a child or an adult, therefore it is absolutely safe. A detailed image of the study area is formed due to the activation of hydrogen atoms in the cells.

[25], [26]

Contraindications to the procedure

MR angiography, like any diagnostic procedure, has its own contraindications. They are mainly associated with the effect of a contrast agent on the body. Based on this, MRI of cerebral vessels is prohibited in such cases:

• Acute mental disorder.
• Severe infectious processes.
• Severe somatic condition.
• Hyperkinesis, epilepsy.
• Pregnancy and lactation.
• Hypersensitivity to contrast agents.
• Inability to lie down for a long time and still during the procedure.
• Renal failure.
• Klaustrofobiya.

Since the tomograph works on the basis of magnetic fields, people with metal implants, heart valves, neurostimulators, dental prostheses, clips on blood vessels, intrauterine devices do not allow for MRI.

There are also diseases that in the stage of decompensation can disrupt the results of the examination: pathologies of the cardiovascular system, bronchial asthma, severe dehydration of the body. Acceptance of beta-blockers and drugs based on them, is an additional contraindication for MRI. People under the influence of alcohol or drugs are not allowed to undergo the examination.

[27], [28]

Normal performance

Magnetic resonance scan results are issued on the day of the examination. Deciphering is a radiologist. The doctor makes a conclusion, creates the taken pictures, video and gives them to the patient or sends to the attending physician. As a rule, no more than 2 hours pass from the time of the survey until the results are obtained.

Decoding the results of MRI of cerebral vessels goes through several stages:

• The MRI device transmits the results of the examination to a special computer. They are visualized in the form of images of the brain in four projections: anterior, upper, left, right.
• The resulting images are printed on film and carefully studied on a table with internal illumination. The doctor determines the indicators of norms and anomalies.
• The results of the transcript are recorded in the form of a medical opinion with information about all the tissues examined and their condition, the presence of deviations.

In this case, the radiologist does not make an accurate diagnosis and does not develop a treatment regimen. This is done by the doctor who issued the referral for tomography.

Deciphering the results of diagnostic manipulation is a complicated process, but a number of pathologies are distinguished, which can be easily identified in the images:

1. Stroke - due to oxygen starvation, there is an area with hypoxia, which appears as a bright spot in the picture. Blood supply in such a zone is reduced. If there are ruptures of blood vessels, then this is a sign of a hemorrhagic form of a stroke. Places of breaks are displayed by dark cavities, which have annular bands around the periphery.
2. Multiple sclerosis - for the pathology is characterized by the appearance of nerve fibers without the myelin layer. In the picture, this is manifested by focal lesions. When contrasting, they have a different shade, as they accumulate contrast in different quantities. If the disease is at an early stage, there are several foci, as their progression increases.
3. Neoplasms - asymmetrical bright spots with uneven edges. In the place of tumor growth, the formation of new blood vessels and their increased blood supply is observed.
4. Atherosclerosis of the vessels - atherosclerotic plaques and a marked decrease in the lumen of the vessels are determined in the images.
5. Aneurysm - the walls of blood vessels thinned and expanded. When malformation of the vessels have a radial location, connecting closer to the center.

If all areas of the brain are in the normal range, the intensity of the signal from the MRI apparatus is the same. Thanks to the contrasting, the state of the vessels is studied in detail, since the contrasting substance fills them evenly. If the pictures turned out to be inaccurate or the image is blurred, then a repeated study is carried out.

[29], [30], [31]

What does MRI of cerebral vessels show?

The MRI diagnostic procedure of cerebral vessels is based on the difference between the signal from the static tissue and the blood moving in the bloodstream. To enhance the clarity of the image, special contrast agents are used (drugs based on paramagnetic, gadolinium).

MRI of the brain vessels shows (visualizes) the anatomical and physiological state of the blood vessels. This allows you to evaluate the physico-chemical and biological processes in the brain tissue.

The tomograph gives a three-dimensional image of the blood supply in the desired area. This will allow you to select individual vessels in the required projection of the brain region under study. The main indications for examination:

• Disorders of cerebral circulation.
• Evaluation of blood flow.
• Identification of vessels affected by atherosclerosis, aneurysms, vascular wall bundles.
• Determination of malformations of veins and arteries.
• Localization and size of blood clots, hematomas, vascular fistulas.

The device does not use radiation, which is dangerous for the human body, so the procedure is absolutely safe.

Complications after the procedure

The danger of magnetic resonance imaging is associated with exposure of the organism to the magnetic field. Obtaining a layer-by-layer image of tissues and organs is possible due to the resonance of hydrogen atoms under the influence of a magnetic field. The protons of hydrogen change the radio frequency pulses, which is recorded by the sensors of the apparatus.

According to studies, x-rays are much more dangerous than magnetic resonance. X-rays damage the genetic apparatus and provoke chromosomal abnormalities. And the action of high doses of X-ray causes acute radiation sickness. MRI excludes such violations.

Consequences after the procedure are associated with impaired preparation for the examination. So, any metal implants in the human body are set in motion under the influence of magnetisation. Because of this, moving them leads to soft tissue damage. When using contrast, there is a risk of small-point hemorrhages and increased arterial permeability. There is also a risk of an allergic reaction to the ballast compounds in the contrast composition.

Allergic reactions to contrast are the most common complication after an MRI procedure. Contrast injections can cause such disorders:

• Embolism - blockade of blood vessels by air.
• Infectious infection (sepsis, shock, phlebitis).
• Local inflammatory reactions with the introduction of drugs past the vein.

It is also possible the development of problems with breathing, tachycardia, urticaria. But with proper preparation for the survey, the risk of developing such complications is minimal.

[32]

Care after the procedure

After the passage of magnetic resonance imaging does not require any special action or care. The patient changes into his clothes and continues his day. There are no restrictions on post-examination behavior. That is, patients can follow normal activities immediately after MRI.

Reviews

MRI of cerebral vessels has many positive reviews confirming the effectiveness, diagnostic accuracy and value of the procedure. The study reveals the smallest deviations and anomalies in the vascular structures. It gives an opportunity to assess the state of the bloodstream, diagnose serious pathologies in the early stages of their development. The results of the study allow us to draw up a timely treatment plan for life-threatening pathologies.

[33], [34], [35]