Injury of the eye

Injury to the organ of vision is one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness in the world, especially in young people, 50% of injuries occur at the age of up to 30 years. Eye astigmatism occurs in 1% of the population. 95% of all victims with injuries require polyclinic treatment. 20-30% of places in the eye hospitals are occupied by patients with trauma to the organ of vision. Many of them need long-term treatment. According to the conditions of injury, the eye traumatism of peacetime is divided into industrial (industrial and agricultural), household (children's and adults), sports and transport. Separately, they distinguish military combat) injury. Each type of injury has its own characteristics. So, for an agricultural trauma there is a significant contamination of the wound site, purulent complications, free ones are not delivered in time to the specialized department, and traumas are more severe. With a sports injury, as a rule, there are concussions. Injuries in everyday life are often associated with drunkenness.

Eye injuries are divided into mechanical (wounds and concussion), thermal (burns and frostbites), chemical (with contact and resorptive action), damage to radiant energy, etc.

By severity, light, medium and severe injuries are distinguished. Sometimes a particularly serious injury is identified, in which there is a loss of the eyeball, blindness. Classification by severity is dynamic. At the end of the treatment, the trauma may be more severe than in the initial evaluation.

When localization, the traumas of the orbit, the adnexa of the eye and the eyeball are isolated.

In case of eye trauma, the first medical aid should be provided in the nearest medical institution, the primary specialized care is in the nearest ophthalmological office or in the hospital. If the patient needs specialized surgical care, he should be transported to the hospital's ophthalmic department. Progress in the treatment of eye injuries is associated with the achievements of microsurgery; the quality of surgical treatment of wounds was improved, sparing surgical intervention was performed, one-stage and exhaustive surgical operation. Timely rendered qualified care can prevent severe consequences and keep the patient's eyesight.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

Classification of eye trauma

Common, there is no single classification.

1. Type of damage:
   • industrial, agricultural, household, school, sports, military:
   • mechanical: contusion, indirect injury, direct injury;
   • burns: chemical, thermal, thermochemical, radiation;
2. Localization of damage: auxiliary organs and orbits (eyelids, lacrimal organs, conjunctiva); fibrous capsule of the eye (cornea, sclera); inner capsule of the eye (cornea, lens, vitreous, retina, optic nerve).
3. Aggravating factors of damage:
   • foreign body;
   • violation of intraocular pressure;
   • infection;
   • intraocular hemorrhage.
4. Degree of severity: light, medium, heavy, especially heavy.
   • A slight degree of severity is damage that does not threaten to diminish the functions of the eye.
   • Medium - threatens to lower the functions of the eye.
   • Heavy - threatens the loss of functions.
   • Particularly heavy - threatens with loss of eyes.
5. For burns.
   • I - mild - flushing, erosion, easy swelling.
   • II - medium severity - ischemia, films, intense opacities .;
   • III - severe degree - necrosis of skin, conjunctiva, sclera (but not more than 1/2 surface).
   • IV - especially severe - damage more than 1/2 surface, porcelain cornea and its perforation.

[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]