Hives in children

Urticaria in children is an allergic skin condition characterized by the appearance of rashes on the skin that may be red, itchy and resemble nettle stings. The medical name for this condition is urticaria. Urticaria in children can manifest itself in varying degrees of severity and duration.

The main symptoms of urticaria include:

1. Rash: Rashes on the skin in the form of red, raised areas or redness that can vary in size and shape. They often resemble nettle stings.
2. Itching: Rashes are often accompanied by intense itching, which can be very uncomfortable for the child.
3. Swelling: Sometimes skin rashes may be accompanied by swelling.
4. Rapid appearance and disappearance: A peculiarity of urticaria is that rashes can appear and disappear within a few hours or days.
5. Breathing symptoms: Some children with hives may have breathing symptoms such as shortness of breath or wheezing.

Hives can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions to certain foods, medicines, insect bites, infections, or physical stimuli (such as cold, sun, or physical stress). In some children, hives may occur for no apparent reason.

Treatment for hives in children may include antihistamines to help reduce itching and inflammation.

Causes of the urticaria in children

This condition can have a variety of causes:

1. Allergic reaction: One of the most common causes of hives in children is allergic reactions to food (e.g., milk, eggs, nuts, seafood), medications (e.g., antibiotics), bee stings, insect stings, or contact with allergens in the environment (e.g., pollen, pet pollen).
2. Infections: Some infections, such as viruses (e.g., colds, flu) or bacterial infections, can cause hives in children.
3. Physical Factors: Some children may develop hives in response to physical factors such as cold, heat, sunlight, pressure on the skin, or sweat.
4. Stress and emotional stress: In some children, stress and emotional stress may be associated with the appearance of hives.
5. Autoimmune factors: Rarely, urticaria can be associated with immune system disorders and autoimmune diseases.
6. Individual sensitivity: Some children may have individual factors that make them more susceptible to hives, even without obvious allergic reactions.

Pathogenesis

The main common point in the pathogenesis of urticaria is the release of the substance histamine, which plays a key role in the development of symptoms. Here are some of the types of urticaria and their pathogenesis:

1. Allergic urticaria: This type of urticaria is often associated with allergic reactions to certain foods, medications, insects, or other allergens. In response to contact with the allergen, the body's immune system reacts by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Histamine causes the skin's blood vessels to dilate and increases vascular permeability, resulting in rashes and swelling.
2. Physical urticaria: This type of urticaria can be caused by physical stimuli such as cold, heat, pressure, or friction. The mechanisms of symptom development are related to changes in the blood vessels in the skin when exposed to a physical stimulus.
3. Idiopathic urticaria: Idiopathic urticaria has no clear known cause. It can develop without obvious allergic or physical stimuli. Immunologic and histaminergic mechanisms may also play a role.
4. Hives on the background of infection: Sometimes infections such as viruses or bacteria can cause hives through various immune mechanisms.

Urticaria itself is not an infectious disease and is not transmitted from one person to another. It is an allergic or immune condition that can be caused by various factors such as allergies, physical irritants or infections.

However, if a child's hives are caused by an allergy to a certain product (such as a food allergy) and another person also consumes that product that causes the child's allergy, that person may also have an allergic reaction. In such a case, it is not contagious, but may be due to the same allergen.

If more than one family member is experiencing hives symptoms, it is important to look for common allergens or possible causes that could trigger an allergic reaction and consult with a physician or allergist to determine their source and treatment.

The duration of hives in children can vary depending on the type of hives and the cause. In most cases, hives in children can last from a few hours to a few days. However, there are several factors that can affect the duration of hives:

1. Cause of hives: If hives are caused by an allergic reaction to an allergen (such as a certain food or medicine), symptoms will usually disappear after the allergen is removed from the body or exposure to it is stopped. This may take a few hours or a few days.
2. Type of urticaria: Some forms of urticaria, such as idiopathic urticaria (when the cause is unknown), can be chronic and last for months or even years.
3. Treatment: With proper treatment, hives symptoms can be quickly relieved and disappear. Antihistamine medications, which are often used to treat hives, can help speed recovery.
4. Individual characteristics: The duration of urticaria may also depend on the individual characteristics of the child and his or her response to treatment.

Symptoms of the urticaria in children

Hives symptoms are usually characterized by skin rashes and itching. Here are the main symptoms of hives in children:

1. Redness and rashes: Redness and rashes appear on the skin, which may be red, pink or purple. Rashes can range in size and shape from small spots to large areas.
2. Very intenseitching: One of the most characteristic symptoms of hives is intense itching, which can be very distressing for a child.
3. Soreness: Rashes can be painful, especially if the child scratches or scratches them.
4. Rashes may change location: Rashes may appear and disappear on the skin and move around the body.
5. Skin swelling: Areas of skin affected by urticaria may be swollen.
6. Allergy symptoms: In some cases, hives may be accompanied by other symptoms of an allergic reaction such as swollen lips, skin rash, red and watery eyes, runny nose and difficulty breathing. These symptoms may be a sign of the allergy that caused the hives.

Urticaria in children can be associated with psychosomatic factors, meaning that emotional state and stress can influence the onset or worsening of urticaria symptoms. It is important to recognize that urticaria usually has a physical basis related to allergic reactions or other factors, but psychosomatic aspects can exacerbate or contribute to symptoms.

Here's how psychosomatic factors can affect hives in children:

1. Stress and Emotional Stress: Strong emotions, stress, worry or anxiety can cause physiological changes in the body, including the release of chemicals that can affect the immune system and cause allergic reactions.
2. Psychosomatic reaction to events or situations: Children may experience physical symptoms, including hives, as a reaction to psychological trauma, family conflict, problems at school, or other negative events.
3. Autonomic Nervous System: Emotional stress can affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which in turn can affect blood flow and skin response.
4. Stress cycles and urticaria exacerbations: In some children, urticaria may become chronic or periodic, and exacerbations may coincide with periods of stress or emotional tension.

Forms

Hives in children can come in different forms, depending on how the symptoms appear and how long they last. Here are some of the forms of hives:

1. Acuteurticaria (acute urticaria):

   • Rash: In this form of urticaria, children have suddenrashes on their skin. These rashes most often look like red redness or swollen bumps that look like mosquito bites.
   • Itching: The rash may be accompanied by intense itching and burning.

2. Chronic urticaria (chronic urticaria):

   • Duration: Chronic urticaria in children is characterized by recurrent or prolonged symptoms that may last more than 6 weeks.
   • Persistent symptoms: Children with chronic urticaria may have rashes almost daily or periodically.

3. Physical urticaria (physical urticaria):

   • Symptoms with physical activity: Some children may develop hives in response to physical factors such as cold, heat, sunlight, pressure on the skin, or sweat.
   • Symptoms after physical activity: A rash may occur after sports, contact with water, cold, etc.

4. Angioneurotic urticaria (angioedema):

   • Edema: This is a form of urticaria in which there is swelling of the mucous membranes, subcutaneous tissue, or deep tissues. Edema most often develops in the eyes, lips, face, or extremities.
   • Symptoms can be more serious: Angioneurotic urticaria can be a more serious form that requires medical attention.

Other types of urticaria in children

1. Cold urticaria (cold urticaria):

   • This type of urticaria is caused by cold and is characterized by rashes and itching on exposure to cold. Children with cold urticaria may experience symptoms when exposed to cold water, ice, or cold air.

2. Heat urticaria:

   • Thermal urticaria, on the other hand, is caused by heat and can occur when hot water, hot objects come into contact with the skin or when the body temperature rises, such as with physical activity.

3. Contact urticaria:

   • This type of hives develops from contact with irritants such as plants (such as poison ivy), latex, animals, or chemicals. Symptoms may occur at the site of contact with the irritant.

4. Pigmentary urticaria (pigmentary urticaria):

   • This is a rare form of urticaria in which skin rashes appear after physical irritation of the skin, such as mechanical pressure or friction. Symptoms may include discoloration of the skin in the area of irritation.

5. Food-induced urticaria:

   • Food urticaria in children develops in response to eating certain foods to which the body reacts with an allergic reaction. Foods that most commonly cause food urticaria include milk, eggs, nuts, shellfish, wheat, and others.
   • Symptoms can include itching, rashes, swelling, and even allergic shock. Diagnosis includes allergy tests and elimination of allergens from the diet.

6. Nervous (psychogenic urticaria):

   • Nervous urticaria in children can be caused by stress, anxiety, psychological tension, or other emotional factors. A child's emotional state can affect the functioning of the immune system and cause urticaria symptoms.
   • Treatment includes stress management, psychological support and sometimes antihistamine medication to relieve symptoms.

7. Infectious urticaria (infectious urticaria):

   • Infectious hives in children can occur in response to infectious diseases such as viruses or bacterial infections. In this case, hives may be one of the symptoms of the disease.
   • Treatment is aimed at controlling the underlying infectious process. Once the infection is healed, the symptoms of urticaria usually disappear.

8. Hives after an intestinal infection:

   • This type of urticaria can develop after an intestinal infection. It may be associated with changes in the intestinal microflora and immune system.
   • Treatment may require specialist advice and may include antihistamine medication and other methods to improve gut and immune system health.

9. Viralurticaria:

   • Viral urticaria can occur in response to viral infections such as the common cold, flu, or other viral illnesses. It may be accompanied by skin rashes and itching, and symptoms usually disappear after recovery from the infection.
   • Treatment for viral urticaria is usually aimed at relieving symptoms. Antihistamine medicines may be used to relieve itching and swelling.

10. Hives in chickenpox in children:

    • Hives can sometimes occur as one of the complications during or after chickenpox (varicella). It can appear as red rashes and severe itching.
    • Treatment is aimed at relieving the symptoms of hives and reducing itching. Your doctor may recommend antihistamine medications and other methods to relieve discomfort.

11. Aquagenic (aquagenic urticaria):

    • Aquagenic urticaria is a form of urticaria that develops after skin contact with water, regardless of its temperature. It may be caused by a chemical reaction with the skin or by a change in the skin's internal processes.
    • Treatment for aquagenic urticaria may include limiting contact time with water, using special creams or ointments, and, in some cases, antihistamine medications.

12. Idiopathic (idiopathic urticaria):

    • Idiopathic urticaria means that the cause is unknown. It is a form of urticaria that can occur without an obvious allergy, infection, or other known factors.
    • Treatment includes symptom management. Antihistamine medications may be recommended to relieve symptoms.

13. Papular urticaria (papular urticaria):

    • Papular urticaria is characterized by the appearance of papules (tiny, swollen areas of skin) instead of the usual urticarial rash. This form of urticaria can be caused by insect bites, such as fleas, mosquitoes, or ticks, and is most common in children.
    • Treatment involves relieving itching and inflammation, often with antihistamine medications and anti-itch creams.

14. Giant urticaria:

    • Giant urticaria is characterized by large areas of skin with rashes, sometimes reaching significant size. It is a rarer form of urticaria.
    • Treatment usually includes antihistamine medications and other remedies to relieve symptoms.

15. Dermographic urticaria (dermographic urticaria):

    • Dermographic urticaria is a form of urticaria in which the skin reacts to mechanical stimuli such as scratching or pressure. In dermographic urticaria, high skin sensitivity can lead to the formation of high furrows (papules) on the skin at sites of pressure or scratching.
    • Treatment may include antihistamine medications and precautions to avoid skin trauma.

16. Migratory urticaria (migratory urticaria):

    • Migratory urticaria is characterized by the movement of rashes across the skin over time. The rashes may appear and disappear on different parts of the body.
    • Treatment also includes antihistamine medications and symptom management techniques.

17. Autoimmune (autoimmune urticaria):

    • Autoimmune urticaria can be caused by autoimmune processes in which the body's immune system targets its own tissues and causes the symptoms of hives. This form of urticaria may be more chronic.
    • Treatment requires an individualized approach and may include antihistamine medications and other immunosuppressive drugs under the guidance of a physician.

Complications and consequences

In most children, urticaria (urticaria) is short-lived and mild and rarely leads to serious complications. However, in some cases, the following complications and consequences may occur:

1. Eczema: Constant scratching of the skin due to itching caused by urticaria can lead to the development of scratching eczema (atopic dermatitis). This is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is accompanied by a rash, redness and itching.
2. Quincke's edema: Some children with hives may develop Quincke's edema (angioedema). This is a serious condition in which there is swelling of the face, lips, throat, or other parts of the body, which can lead to trouble breathing and swallowing. Quincke's edema requires immediate medical attention.
3. Psychological problems: Children who suffer from frequent or chronic urticaria may experience psychological distress and anxiety about the symptoms and the appearance of their skin. This can affect their emotional and psychological well-being.
4. Complications of an allergic reaction: If urticaria is associated with allergic reactions to food or medications, it is possible to develop anaphylactic shock, which is a life-threatening condition.
5. Impact on quality of life: Frequent and intense urticaria symptoms can reduce a child's quality of life by interfering with normal activity, sleep, and learning.

Diagnostics of the urticaria in children

Diagnosis of urticaria in children is usually based on clinical presentation and history. The doctor usually examines the patient and asks the parents or child questions about the nature of the symptoms. The following methods may be used to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other possible causes of the rash:

1. History: The doctor may ask the parent or child questions about possible allergies, contact with allergens, use of new foods or medications, which can help identify possible allergic causes.
2. Physical Examination: The physician examines the skin and mucous membranes to assess the nature of the rash, its distribution and intensity.
3. Allergytests: In some cases, allergy tests such as skin tests or blood tests may be needed to identify possible allergens causing hives.
4. Ruling out other causes: Your doctor may also perform additional tests to rule out other conditions that can mimic the symptoms of hives.

Urticaria in children usually does not require specific tests to diagnose the condition, as urticaria is diagnosed based on the patient's clinical symptoms and history. However, in some cases, the doctor may order additional tests or investigations to identify possible causes of urticaria or to evaluate its characteristics. Here are some tests and investigations that may be performed:

1. Skin allergy tests: If the allergic nature of hives is suspected (e.g., allergy to certain foods or environmental allergens), your doctor may order skin allergy tests to identify specific allergens.
2. Blood tests: Occasionally, blood tests may be performed to assess your general condition and to identify possible allergy markers, such as immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels.
3. Immunologic tests: Immunologic tests may be performed for rare cases involving immune system disorders.
4. Ruling out other conditions: Sometimes your doctor may order additional tests to rule out other conditions that can mimic the symptoms of hives.

Treatment of the urticaria in children

Treatment of urticaria in children may depend on the form and severity of the condition. In most cases, urticaria can be successfully controlled with medication. Here are some general treatment recommendations:

1. Antihistamine medications:

   • Antihistamines are usually prescribed to reduce itching, swelling and rashes. In children, pediatric forms of antihistamines are usually used. It is important to follow your doctor's dosage instructions.
   • Some antihistamines may cause drowsiness, so your doctor may recommend taking them at night.

2. Prevention of irritants:

   • If your child's hives are known to be associated with physical factors (e.g., cold, heat, pressure on the skin), try to avoid these factors.
   • If hives are known to be caused by allergens, help your child avoid contact with those allergens.

3. Short-term steroids (glucocorticosteroids):

   • In some cases, especially severe hives attacks, your doctor may prescribe short-term steroids (such as prednisolone) to reduce inflammation and symptoms.

4. Angioneurotic urticaria:

   • In cases of angioneurotic urticaria with swelling of the lips, face, or other areas, more intensive treatment, including epinephrine, may be required.
5. Following doctor's orders: It is important to follow all doctor's recommendations and prescriptions to ensure proper and effective treatment.
6. Monitoring and logging: Keeping a log of when and what symptoms of urticaria a child has can help your doctor more accurately assess the condition and the effectiveness of treatment.
7. Nutrition: If the urticaria is food-related, a diet may be recommended by a doctor. In such cases, foods that cause allergic reactions should be avoided.

If your child has hives, bathing is allowed in most cases, but there are a few important things to consider:

1. Use cool water: Bathing time should probably be cool, not hot. Hot water can increase itching and skin irritation.
2. Avoid using hard sponges or scrubs: When bathing, use a soft washcloth or soft sponge to gently clean the skin. Avoid hard friction as this can worsen the skin condition.
3. Use gentle baby grooming products: When choosing detergents and shampoos, favor hypoallergenic and fragrance-free products to avoid additional allergic reactions.
4. Dry skin gently: After bathing, gently but thoroughly dry your baby's skin with a soft towel, avoiding heavy rubbing.
5. Follow your doctor's recommendations: If you have a prescription for special medical bathing products (such as water additives), follow your doctor's or pharmacist's instructions.
6. Avoid tight clothing: After bathing, allow the baby's skin to breathe, do not wear too tight or synthetic clothing, preferably use natural fabrics.

Antihistamine medicines for urticaria in children

Include antihistamines that help reduce itching, inflammation and rashes on the skin. Below are the names of some antihistamine medications that may be recommended for the treatment of hives in children. However, it is important to consult your pediatrician or allergist before starting treatment to determine the most appropriate medication and dosage for your child:

1. Loratadine (Loratadine):

   • Often available as syrup or chewable tablets for children.

2. Cetirizine (Cetirizine):

   • May be available as syrup or chewable tablets for children.

3. Diphenhydramine (Diphenhydramine):

   • Often available as syrup or tablets, but used with caution in children because of possible sedative effects.

4. Fexofenadine (Fexofenadine):

   • Some forms of this medication may be intended for children.

5. Ebastine:

   • May be available as a syrup for children.

6. Desloratadine (Desloratadine):

   • May be available as a syrup for children.

7. Cetirizine (Levocetirizine):

   • Occasionally available for children.

These are just a few examples of antihistamine medications. Remember that the dosage will depend on your child's age and weight, so always follow your doctor's recommendations or the instructions on the package.

Treatment for hives can include a variety of medications, depending on the severity of the symptoms. Here are some of the medicines listed that are often used for hives:

1. Suprastin (Chlorpheniramine) and Phenistil (Dimetindene): These are antihistamine medicines that help reduce the itching, redness, and rash associated with hives. They are usually used to relieve symptoms.
2. Advantan (Mometasone): This is a glucocorticosteroid medication that can be used for hives, especially if the symptoms are accompanied by severe inflammation and itching. However, its use is usually recommended under the supervision of a doctor.
3. Ketotifen (Ketotifen): Another antihistamine that may help reduce the symptoms of hives, including itching and rash.
4. Erius (Desloratadine): This is a modern antihistamine medication that is also used to relieve the symptoms of hives.
5. Dexamethasone and Prednisolone: Glucocorticosteroids may be used in cases of severe urticaria or allergic reactions that do not respond to antihistamines. However, their use should be strictly on the advice of a physician.
6. Polysorb(Polysorbate) and Enterosgel (Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate): These sorbents can be used to reduce allergic reactions by removing toxins and allergens from the body. They are more commonly used for intestinal disorders associated with urticaria.

Treatment of urticaria in children at home

Treating hives in children at home may include the following steps to relieve symptoms:

1. Rest and avoid irritants: Help your child rest and avoid known factors that can make hives worse, such as a warm shower or bath, heavy rubbing, or skin irritation.
2. Cool bath: Try helping your child take a cool bath or shower. Cool water can relieve itching and reduce swelling.
3. Soft clothing and bedding: Provide your baby with soft, natural clothing and bedding. Avoid strong detergents and softeners when washing laundry to avoid skin irritation.
4. Cooling compresses: Apply cooling compresses to the itchy areas of the skin. You can use soft towels soaked in cold water for a few minutes.
5. Antihistamines: If the symptoms of hives in children are very bothersome and long-lasting, you can consult your doctor for advice on the use of antihistamines. However, their use should be coordinated with a pediatrician or allergist.
6. Avoiding known allergens: If your child's hives are known to be related to allergic reactions, avoid foods or other allergens that trigger symptoms.
7. Nutrition and hydration: Provide your child with a nutritious diet and adequate fluid intake. Certain foods, such as watermelon and cucumbers, can help moisturize the skin.
8. Avoid self-medication: Do not attempt to treat hives yourself with ointments or other remedies without consulting your doctor, especially if symptoms are worsening.

Ointments for urticaria in children

Below are some common names of ointments and creams that can be used to relieve hives symptoms:

1. Antihistamine ointments and creams:

   • Phenistil gel (Phenistil gel)
   • Cetirin cream (Cetirin cream)
   • Eventab cream (Eventab cream)
   • Ketotifen ointment (Ketotifen ointment)

2. Cooling ointments and creams:

   • Camphor oil (Camphor oil)
   • Menthol ointment (Menthol ointment)
   • Calamine ointment (Calamine lotion)

3. Hormonal ointments (used as prescribed by a doctor):

   • Hydrocortisone ointment (Hydrocortisone cream)
   • Elocom ointment (Elocom cream)
   • Advantan cream

4. Aloe vera ointments:

   • Aloe vera gel (Aloe vera gel)
   • Aloe vera ointment (Aloe vera ointment)

5. Moisturizing ointments:

   • Urea ointments
   • Glycerin ointments (Glycerin ointments)

Diet for urticaria

A diet is recommended for urticaria in children, which can help reduce the risk of worsening symptoms and discomfort. However, it is worth noting that reactions to food are individualized, and what works for one child may not work for another. It's important to consult with a doctor or allergist to determine which foods should be eliminated or restricted from your child's diet. Here are some general dietary recommendations for hives in children:

What you can eat:

1. Non-allergenic foods: If a child's hives are known to be associated with food allergies, foods to which the child is allergic should be avoided. Parents should be cautious and alert to reactions to new foods.
2. Antioxidant-rich foods: Include fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet that are rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C and E. This can help inflamed skin to recover.
3. Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon, tuna, nuts and flaxseed oil can help reduce inflammation in the body.

What is best to limit or avoid:

1. Potential allergens: This includes foods such as milk, eggs, nuts, shellfish, gluten (wheat protein), soy products and others. If you suspect that your child's hives are due to an allergy to certain foods, you should eliminate them from your diet and consult your doctor.
2. Spicyand Sp ices: Spicy and spices can increase itching and skin irritation, so it's best to limit them.
3. Preservatives and artificial additives: Some children may be sensitive to preservatives and artificial additives in foods. Watch the composition of foods and avoid those that contain artificial additives if your child reacts to them.
4. High-sugar and processed foods: These foods can worsen inflammation and hives symptoms, so try to avoid them.

Menus for urticaria in children

It does not have to be very different from your normal diet. However, it is important to consider possible allergies and foods that can aggravate hives symptoms. Here are some menu recommendations for children with urticaria:

1. Avoid potential allergens: If your child isallergic to certain foods (e.g., nuts, milk, eggs, wheat), be sure to eliminate them from your child's diet.
2. Foods without additives and preservatives: Try to provide your child with natural foods without unnecessary additives and preservatives that can cause allergic reactions.
3. Moderate Temperature: Avoid hot and very cold foods and drinks, as extreme temperatures can cause physical hives.
4. Soft textures: If the child has severe itching in the mouth or lips due to hives, provide softer textures of food such as non-fat yogurt, bananas, cottage cheese.
5. Hydration: It is important to keep the body adequately hydrated, so water should be available to your child throughout the day.
6. Food diary: Keeping a food diary can help identify possible allergens or foods that worsen hives symptoms. Record what your child eats and drinks and how his or her body reacts to it.
7. Consult a doctor: If you suspect an allergy or if your hives worsen after eating certain foods, be sure to consult a doctor or allergist. Your doctor may recommend a special dietary treatment.

Clinical Guidelines

Hives in children can be quite an uncomfortable condition due to itching and rashes on the skin. Here are some clinical guidelines for managing urticaria in children:

1. Seek medical attention: At the first sign of hives in a child, it is important to see a pediatrician or dermatologist for evaluation and diagnosis. The doctor will help determine the cause and form of hives and suggest appropriate treatment.

2. Use antihistamine medications:

   • Follow your doctor's recommendations and use antihistamine medications as directed.
   • Note that some antihistamines can cause drowsiness, so check with your doctor about the best time to take them.

3. Avoid irritants:

   • If your child's urticaria is known to be associated with physical factors, help him or her avoid contact with these factors (e.g., cold, heat, sunlight).
   • If an allergen causes hives, avoid contact with it (e.g., certain foods, pets).

4. Keep an eye on the condition of your skin:

   • Make sure your baby's skin is clean and dry.
   • Avoid excessive scratching to prevent inflammation and infection.

5. Watch your nutrition:

   • If a food allergic reaction is the cause of hives, follow a diet that excludes the foods that trigger the allergy.
   • Consult your doctor or dietitian to develop an appropriate meal plan for your child.
6. Keep a symptom log: Write down when and what symptoms of hives your child has. This can help the doctor better understand the nature of the condition.
7. Follow theprescribed treatment: Follow your doctor's recommendations and take the medicine as directed. Do not stop treatment without consulting your doctor.
8. Monitor your response to treatment: If treatment does not bring the expected improvement or symptoms worsen, be sure to inform your doctor.
9. Seek medical attention for angioedema: If your child has swelling of the lips, face, or other areas that may affect breathing or vision, seek medical attention right away.

Prevention

Hives prevention in children is directly related to preventing allergic reactions and other factors that can trigger the development of this condition. Here are some preventive measures:

1. Avoid known allergens: If your child has known allergies to certain foods, medications, plants or other allergens, try to avoid contact with them.
2. Nutrition: If your child has food allergies, follow a strict diet avoiding allergy-causing foods. Consult a doctor or nutritionist to develop a suitable diet.
3. Avoid physical exertion: Physicalstress on the skin, such as severe friction or rubbing, can trigger the development of dermographic urticaria. Therefore, try to avoid strong physical stress on the skin.
4. Avoid extreme temperatures: Hot baths, prolonged exposure to the sun or freezing air can trigger hives. Maintain a comfortable water temperature when bathing and use sunscreen if you are exposed to the sun for long periods of time.
5. Seek medical attention: If your child has allergies or a history of hives, discuss a plan of action and treatment with your doctor. The doctor can provide recommendations for managing allergic reactions and treating hives.
6. Vaccination: Follow recommendations for vaccinations against infections and diseases. Vaccination can help prevent some conditions that may be associated with hives.
7. Healthy Lifestyle: Support your child's overall health through proper nutrition, regular physical activity and stress management.