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Convergent strabismus (esotropia)
Alexey Kryvenko, medical expert
Last reviewed: 04.07.2025
Last reviewed: 04.07.2025
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[ The main causes of convergent strabismus (esotropia):
- Congenital esotropia
- Duan syndrome
- Accommodative esotropia
- Abducens nerve lesion (unilateral or bilateral)
- Convergence spasm (usually of psychogenic origin)
- Tonic convergence spasm as part of the dorsal midbrain syndrome.
- Acute thalamic esotropia
- Posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia (pseudo-abducens)
- Neuromyotonia
- Insufficiency of divergence
- Divergence paralysis
- Cyclic oculomotor paralysis (in the spastic phase)
- Nystagmus block syndrome (strabismus in which the eyes and head assume a position that minimizes nystagmus).
- Abducens nerve lesion with contracture of the antagonist muscle (ipsilateral rectus muscle) in the recovery phase.
- Myasthenia
- Medial rectus entrapment (due to injury)
- Dysthyroid orbitopathy (rare)
- Pathological processes in the orbit
- Wernicke's encephalopathy
- Chiari malformation
- Diseases of striated muscles.
Monocular nystagmus
- Acquired monocular blindness (nystagmus on the side of the blind eye)
- Amblyopia
- Brainstem infarction (thalamus and oral brainstem)
- Ictal nystagmus
- Internuclear and pseudointernuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Multiple sclerosis
- Nystagmus in monocular ophthalmoplegia
- Pseudonystagmus (eyelid fasciculations)
- Myokymia of the superior oblique muscle
- Spasmus nutans.