Cardiac asthma

Cardiac asthma (or asthma due to heart failure) is a condition in which heart dysfunction leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and causes asthma-like symptoms. It has nothing to do with asthma caused by allergic reactions or airway obstruction, as is the case in asthma.

The underlying mechanism of cardiac asthma is a deterioration in the function of the left ventricle of the heart, which cannot reliably pump blood from the lungs to the circulatory system. This causes blood to overflow into the pulmonary capillaries and fluid to build up in the alveoli (small bubbles in the lungs), making it difficult to exchange gases and causing breathing difficulties.

Symptoms of cardiac asthma may include:

1. Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity or in a horizontal position.
2. Severe coughing, especially at night.
3. An increased amount of sputum (mucus) when you cough.
4. A squeezing sensation in the chest.
5. Increased sweating and rapid heartbeat.
6. Swelling of the legs and ankles.

Heart asthma is usually a consequence of heart failure, which can be caused by a variety of reasons such as coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease and other cardiac abnormalities. Treatment includes controlling the underlying heart disease, using medications to relieve swelling and improve heart function, and lifestyle changes including diet, physical activity, and stress management.

Causes of the cardiac asthma

The main causes and risk factors that contribute to the development of cardiac asthma include:

1. Heart failure: The most common cause of cardiac asthma is a malfunction of the heart where it cannot pump blood efficiently from the lungs to the circulatory system. This can be caused by various heart diseases such as coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, valve defects, etc.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, can lead to irregular heartbeats and disruption of normal blood flow.
3. Myocardial hypertrophy: Thickening of the walls of the left ventricle of the heart (myocardial hypertrophy) can reduce its ability to contract and pump blood effectively.
4. Heart Valve Disease: Defects or malformations in the heart valves can lead to improper blood flow and, as a result, heart asthma.
5. Heart Infarction: The effects of a heart attack, such as weakening of the heart muscle and impaired heart function, can cause heart asthma.
6. Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage the heart muscle and valves, contributing to heart asthma.
7. Aging: Older adults are more at risk of developing cardiac asthma due to the natural aging of the cardiovascular system.
8. Diabetes mellitus: Inadequate control of diabetes mellitus can have a negative impact on the heart and increase the risk of cardiac asthma.
9. Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking: These factors can increase the risk of heart disease and therefore heart asthma.
10. Carried infections: Some infectious diseases can cause myocardial inflammation and lead to heart problems.

Pathogenesis

Its pathogenesis (mechanism of development) is related to heart failure, which can have a variety of causes including:

1. Heart failure: The main cause of heart asthma is heart failure, when the heart is unable to adequately contract and pump blood through the body. This can happen due to various heart diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, valve malformations, etc.
2. Impaired circulation in thelungs: Heart failure leads to impaired circulation in the lungs. The heart cannot pump blood efficiently from the pulmonary veins to the main circulation. This leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs.
3. Pulmonary congestion: Due to impaired circulation in the lungs, blood can become trapped in the lung capillaries and fluid begins to escape from the vessels into the alveoli (small air sacs of the lungs). This causes swelling and difficulty breathing.
4. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure: Heart failure can also lead to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension), which adds to the difficulty in circulating blood to the lungs.
5. Respiratory failure: Gradually worsening breathing due to pulmonary edema and respiratory failure may be one of the manifestations of cardiac asthma.

The general mechanism of cardiac asthma is that impaired heart function leads to fluid accumulation in the lungs and their filling with fluid, which in turn leads to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing with frothy sputum, and impaired gas exchange in the lungs.

Symptoms of the cardiac asthma

Symptoms of cardiac asthma may include:

1. Shortness ofbreath: One of the most characteristic symptoms of cardiac asthma is feeling short of breath and difficulty breathing, especially at night or when lying down. Patients may wake up because of shortness of breath or have to sit up to improve breathing.
2. Cough: Cardiac asthma may be accompanied by a dry or sputumy cough. The cough may worsen at night and with physical activity.
3. Wheezing: Wheezes are sounds that are produced when breathing and may sound like a whistling sound. They may be heard during examination of the patient or even by the patient. Wheezing in cardiac asthma is usually associated with an abnormal exchange of gases in the lungs due to a build-up of fluid in the alveoli.
4. Cyanosis: In some cases, patients with cardiac asthma may develop a livid coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient blood oxygenation.
5. Feelings of anxiety and worry: As heart asthma symptoms worsen, patients may feel anxious and worried.
6. Palpitations: In response to the heart's limited ability to pump blood, the heart rate may increase.
7. Swelling of thelegs and ankles: Congestive heart failure can cause swelling (edema) of the legs and ankles due to fluid retention in the tissues.
8. Fatigueand weakness: Patients may feel tired and weak due to inadequate tissue oxygenation.

Cardiac asthma attack

It is an acute situation where pulmonary edema caused by heart failure leads to severe shortness of breath and other cardiac symptoms. It is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Here are the key signs of a cardiac asthma attack:

1. Dyspnea: The patient experiences sudden and severe shortness of breath, which may increase with physical activity or even at rest. The patient may shiver and feel short of breath.
2. Cough: A dry or wet cough, sometimes with frothy or pink sputum. This is due to the presence of fluid in the lungs.
3. Choking: The patient may experience a sensation of choking or inability to breathe normally.
4. Severe Anxiety: There is an increase in anxiety and fear as the patient realizes the severity of their condition.
5. Cyanoticskin discoloration: Due to insufficient oxygen in the blood, the patient may have cyanosis (bluish discoloration) of the lips, nails, and skin.
6. Heartpalpitations: The heart may beat faster in an attempt to compensate for lack of oxygen.

If you or someone around you shows signs of a cardiac asthma attack, call an ambulance immediately and follow the dispatcher's instructions. Doctors and medical staff at the hospital will administer necessary medical measures, including oxygen therapy, diuretics, diuretics and other methods to relieve pulmonary edema and make breathing easier.

Oxygen therapy (giving oxygen) is an important part of treating a heart asthma attack and can help make breathing easier and improve oxygenation of organs and tissues. Here are some guidelines for giving oxygen therapy during a cardiac asthma attack:

1. Timely oxygen administration: As soon as a patient has symptoms of a cardiac asthma attack, it is important to start oxygen therapy immediately. This can be performed in a medical facility or using portable oxygen equipment.
2. Use of an oxygen mask: The patient may be offered an oxygen mask that allows oxygen to flow more efficiently to the lungs. The mask should fit properly and be comfortable for the patient.
3. Oxygen saturationmonitoring: It is important to monitor oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter (a special device for measuring oxygen levels in the blood). The goal is to maintain oxygen saturation at an acceptable level, usually above 90%.
4. Regular monitoring: The doctor or medical staff should regularly check the patient's condition, including the presence of edema, level of breathlessness and oxygen saturation. This allows the effectiveness of treatment to be evaluated.
5. Oxygen dosage: Oxygen dosage should be adjusted according to the patient's needs. Very high doses of oxygen may be undesirable and may cause hyperoxia (excess oxygen in the blood).
6. Treatment of the underlying causative factor: Oxygen therapy serves as symptomatic treatment and does not address the underlying causative factor of cardiac asthma, which is most often heart failure. Therefore, it is important to simultaneously treat and manage the underlying disease that led to cardiac asthma.

Patients with cardiac asthma should be trained and have access to the necessary oxygen therapy equipment so that they can receive immediate care in the event of an attack.

It is important to remember that a cardiac asthma attack is an extremely serious condition that requires prompt and competent medical intervention. Treatment should only be carried out under the guidance of experienced medical professionals.

Stages

Cardiac asthma can have several stages depending on the severity and duration of symptoms. It is important to note that the stages can vary depending on the classification of the source. Here is a general classification of the stages of cardiac asthma:

1. Stage I (initial stage): In this stage, symptoms of cardiac asthma may be mild and temporary. The patient may experience shortness of breath and coughing with exercise or at night, but symptoms may improve at rest and after treatment. Usually in this stage, the patient does not experience significant breathing disturbances at rest.
2. Stage II (middle stage): In this stage, the symptoms of cardiac asthma become more severe and prolonged. The patient may experience shortness of breath, coughing, and severe choking attacks, especially at night. Symptoms may worsen when lying down and may require medical attention.
3. Stage III (severe stage): In this stage, symptoms become very severe and require medical attention. The patient may experience severe shortness of breath and choking, even at rest. Symptoms may cause significant suffering and require hospitalization for treatment and stabilization.
4. Stage IV (final stage): This stage is characterized by very severe and persistent symptoms that can be difficult to treat. Patients may experience persistent shortness of breath and choking, even with minimal activity. Treatment in this stage may include intensive medical therapy, including mechanical ventilation.

The stages of cardiac asthma may vary depending on clinical practice and the classification system used.

Forms

Cardiac asthma can have different forms and manifestations, depending on the severity and nature of the disease. The main forms of cardiac asthma include:

1. Acute pulmonary edema (APE): This is a form of cardiac asthma that is characterized by the rapid development of acute respiratory failure and pulmonary edema. It can occur suddenly and requires immediate medical attention. Patients with PFO often experience severe shortness of breath, coughing with pink foamy sputum, and severe anxiety.
2. Subacute (subclinical) form: This form of cardiac asthma is less severe and is characterized by milder symptoms such as shortness of breath with physical activity or coughing at night. Patients may feel better when sitting or standing, and symptoms worsen when lying down.
3. Chronic: This is a long-term condition in which patients periodically experience cardiac asthma symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing. It can be persistent and may require ongoing treatment and management.
4. Recurrent: In this form, cardiac asthma symptoms may come and go with periodic exacerbations. Patients may periodically require hospitalization for treatment of exacerbations.
5. Mixed form: Some patients may have combined forms of cardiac asthma that combine characteristics of different forms.

The form of cardiac asthma is determined based on clinical presentation, severity and duration of symptoms.

Complications and consequences

Cardiac asthma is a serious condition and if it is not treated or controlled, it can cause a number of complications and consequences. Here are some of them:

1. Chronic heart failure: Cardiac asthma is often one of the symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF). Improper treatment or inadequate control can lead to worsening of CHF, which can cause an increase in symptoms and limitations in daily life.
2. Asthma exacerbation: Patients with cardiac asthma may have asthma symptoms such as shortness of breath and cough. Uncontrolled asthma can lead to exacerbation of these symptoms and worsening of lung health.
3. Small capillary angiopathy: The impaired blood circulation in the lungs that characterizes cardiac asthma can cause capillary damage and angiopathy (vascular disease). This can impair lung function and cause additional complications.
4. Heart Rupture: In rare cases, heart asthma can cause myocardial (heart muscle) rupture or other heart complications.
5. Myocardial hypertrophy: Constant strain on the heart due to insufficiency can lead to thickening of the myocardium (cardiac hypertrophy), which also impairs heart function.
6. Respiratory tract infections: Patients with cardiac asthma are more susceptible to respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia due to pulmonary edema and impaired microcirculation.
7. Depression and Anxiety: Chronic heart failure and cardiac asthma can affect mental health by causing depression and anxiety in patients.
8. Cardiacarrhythmias: Uncontrolled heart failure can provoke the development of cardiac arrhythmias, which increases the risk of complications.

Diagnostics of the cardiac asthma

Diagnosis of cardiac asthma usually involves a number of clinical and instrumental methods to confirm the presence of this condition and determine its causes. Here are the main diagnostic methods:

1. PhysicalExam: The doctor performs a physical exam, including listening to your lungs and heart, and assessing for signs of shortness of breath, coughing, and swelling. This helps determine if symptoms characteristic of cardiac asthma are present.
2. History taking: The doctor asks questions about the patient's medical and family history, as well as the presence of other heart disease or risk factors that could contribute to the development of cardiac asthma.
3. Laboratory tests: Blood tests, such as blood tests for B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal procollagen derivatives (NT-proBNP) levels, can help determine natriuretic peptide levels, which are often elevated in heart failure.
4. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray may show signs of congestive heart failure, such as increased heart size and fluid in the lungs.
5. Electrocardiography (ECG): An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect arrhythmias or other abnormalities of the heart.
6. Echocardiography: Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the heart and its structures. This can help determine if there are heart problems such as valve disease or diastolic dysfunction.
7. Other instrumental tests: Depending on the clinical situation and suspicion, the doctor may order other tests such as MRI or computed tomography (CT) of the chest to evaluate the lungs and heart in more detail.

Diagnosis also includes identifying the underlying cause that could have caused the condition to develop, such as heart failure, hypertension, or valve disease. After diagnosis, the doctor develops a treatment plan that may include medications, lifestyle changes, and symptom management.

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of cardiac asthma involves identifying and distinguishing this condition from other conditions that may mimic the symptoms of cardiac asthma but require a different treatment approach. The following are some of the conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis:

1. Obstructive lung disease (COPD, bronchial asthma): Obstructive lung diseases can cause shortness of breath, cough, and similar symptoms to cardiac asthma. Differentiation may require spirometry and other pulmonary function tests.
2. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs caused by infection may result in dyspnea, cough, and fluid auscultation that may be mistaken for signs of cardiac asthma. Chest radiography may be helpful in distinguishing between the two.
3. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolism, especially a massive one, can cause sudden shortness of breath and chest pain, which can be similar to the symptoms of cardiac asthma. Computed tomography of the lungs and pulmonary angiography can help in diagnosis.
4. Sepsis: Severe infectious conditions such as sepsis can cause dyspnea and cardiac tension that may be mistaken for symptoms of cardiac asthma. Laboratory and clinical findings may help in the differential diagnosis.
5. Angina (angina pectoris): Angina can cause chest pain and shortness of breath, which can be similar to the symptoms of cardiac asthma. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and other cardiac tests may help in the differential diagnosis.
6. Other heart conditions: Some heart conditions such as myocardial infarction, myocarditis and valve disease can cause symptoms similar to cardiac asthma. A cardiac exam and instrumental tests can help identify them.
7. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): GERD can cause coughing and shortness of breath, especially at night, which can be mistaken for symptoms of cardiac asthma. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) can help diagnose GERD.

The differential diagnosis of cardiac asthma requires a careful physical examination, including clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and instrumental methods. Accurate diagnosis allows for appropriate treatment and optimal disease management.

Cardiac asthma, bronchial asthma and pulmonary edema are different diseases with different causes, mechanisms of development and symptoms. Here are their main differences:

1. Cardiac asthma and bronchial asthma:

   • Cardiac asthma and bronchial asthma both have the term "asthma" in their name, but they have different origins and mechanisms of development.
   • Cardiac asthma is related to heart problems, such as heart failure, and is caused by poor circulation and fluid buildup in the lungs.
   • Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by dry or wet cough, shortness of breath, and bronchial spasms causing airway obstruction.
   • Bronchial asthma is more likely to begin in childhood or young adulthood and may be allergic in nature, while cardiac asthma is associated with heart disease and is more likely to develop in older age.

2. Cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema:

   • Cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema can both be associated with fluid accumulation in the lungs, but they have different causes and mechanisms of development.
   • Cardiac asthma is related to heart problems and occurs due to the heart's inadequacy in pumping blood, which leads to blood stasis in the lungs and swelling.
   • Pulmonary edema can be caused by a variety of reasons, including infections, allergies, exposure to toxic substances, and other factors. Pulmonary edema is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lungs, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure.

It is important to note that both of these conditions (cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema) can manifest with shortness of breath and coughing, but a physical examination and medical consultation is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment of the cardiac asthma

Cardiac asthma is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. If cardiac asthma occurs or is suspected, an ambulance should be called immediately. In addition, the following measures can be taken to alleviate the condition until the medical team arrives:

1. Help the patient to sit upright: Sitting or semi-sitting can improve breathing as it helps to reduce pulmonary edema and improve gas exchange.
2. Help the patient take their medications: If the patient has a prescription for heart asthma medications, help the patient take them as recommended by the doctor. These may be diuretics or other medications to relieve swelling and improve breathing.
3. Allow access to fresh air: Open a window or door to allow access to fresh air. This may help reduce shortness of breath.
4. Do not use venous tourniquets: Venous tourniquets are not used in cardiac asthma. Their use may make the situation worse.
5. Calm the patient: Fear and anxiety can increase symptoms. Help the patient to calm down and breathe slowly and deeply.

It is important to remember that cardiac asthma is a medical condition that requires comprehensive treatment that can only be done in a medical facility. Do not attempt to treat cardiac asthma yourself or use venous tourniquets. Seeking medical attention and calling an ambulance in a timely manner is the best practice for this condition.

Treatment of cardiac asthma is aimed at managing the symptoms and the underlying heart disease that causes the condition. Treatment usually includes the following aspects:

1. Treatment of underlying heart disease: It is important to treat and control the underlying disease that causes heart asthma. This may include treating coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, valve defects, and other heart abnormalities. Your doctor will prescribe appropriate medications and procedures to improve heart function.
2. Diuretics: Diuretics (diuretics) are often used to reduce swelling and remove excess fluid from the body, which can help improve breathing and reduce stress on the heart.
3. Medications to improve cardiac function: Your doctor may prescribe medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), beta-adrenoblockers, and others to improve the heart's contractility and control arrhythmias.
4. Oxygen therapy: In acute cardiac asthma, supplemental oxygen may be needed to facilitate breathing.
5. Lifestyle changes: It is important to watch your diet, limit salt and fluid intake, lead an active lifestyle and avoid stress. Your doctor may also recommend weight control and alcohol consumption in moderation.
6. Regular medical monitoring: Patients with cardiac asthma should see a doctor regularly to monitor the condition and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

Treatment of cardiac asthma can be complex and require an individual approach, taking into account the characteristics of the patient and the severity of the disease. It is important to strictly follow the doctor's recommendations and adjust treatment if necessary.

Medications for cardiac asthma

Treatment of cardiac asthma is aimed at eliminating pulmonary edema and relieving symptoms of shortness of breath and breathing difficulties, as well as managing the underlying disease that causes heart failure. Medications used for cardiac asthma include the following classes of medications:

1. Diuretics: These drugs help increase the removal of excess fluid from the body through the urine. They may include furosemide (Lasix), thorasemide (Demadex), bumetanide (Bumex), and others. Diuretics help reduce lung swelling and improve breathing.
2. Drugs thatimprove heart function: Including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These drugs help improve the contractile function of the heart and reduce the workload on the myocardium. Examples include lisinopril (Lisinopril), enalapril (Enalapril), losartan (Losartan), and others.
3. Drugs that reduce the heart's preload: These drugs reduce the volume of blood returning to the heart, which helps lower the pressure in the pulmonary vessels. Examples are nitrates and hydrazine-antibiotics.
4. Heart rhythm medications: If the patient has arrhythmias, antiarrhythmic medications may be prescribed to restore normal heart rhythm.
5. Oxygen therapy: In cases of cardiac asthma, when blood oxygen levels are reduced due to breathing difficulties, supplemental oxygen may need to be given through a mask or nasal cannulae.
6. Glucocorticosteroids: Glucocorticosteroids such as prednisolone (Prednisolone) are sometimes used to reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways.

Treatment of cardiac asthma is individualized for the individual patient and may depend on the patient's condition, underlying disease and other factors. The exact prescription of medications and their dosage should be determined by a physician. It is important to follow the doctor's prescriptions and be monitored regularly to keep the condition under control and prevent exacerbations of cardiac asthma.

Clinical Guidelines

Clinical recommendations for patients with cardiac asthma may vary depending on disease severity and underlying cardiac disease. However, in general, the following recommendations can help manage cardiac asthma and improve quality of life:

1. Follow yourdoctor's recommendations: Regular visits to your cardiologist and adherence to your doctor's recommendations for treatment and medications play a key role in managing cardiac asthma.
2. Treatment of underlying heart disease: Effective management of an underlying heart disease, such as chronic heart failure, is a priority. Treatment may include prescribed medications, diet, salt restriction, and physical activity under the supervision of a physician.
3. Diet: Limiting salt in food can help reduce swelling and improve lung health. Patients are advised to follow a low-sodium diet.
4. Fluid Reduction: It is important to control fluid intake, especially closer to bedtime, to prevent overnight pulmonary edema.
5. Maintain a healthy weight: If you are overweight, managing your weight can help reduce stress on your heart and improve your overall health.
6. Smoking cessationand alcohol restriction: Smoking and alcohol use can make your heart asthma symptoms worse. It is best to stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
7. Physical activity: Physical activity should be supervised by a physician and adapted to the patient's condition. Regular physical exercise can strengthen the heart and improve overall health.
8. Remember your medications: Take prescribed medications according to your doctor's recommendations and do not skip doses.
9. Watch for symptoms: Monitor symptoms of cardiac asthma such as shortness of breath, swelling, coughing with frothy sputum and report them to your doctor.
10. Avoid stress: St ress management and psychoemotional well-being play an important role in improving the prognosis of patients with cardiac asthma. Consider psychotherapy or relaxation techniques.

These recommendations are general and can be adjusted by the doctor depending on the individual characteristics and needs of the patient. It is important to follow the doctor's recommendations and cooperate in the treatment process.

Prevention

Prevention of cardiac asthma includes measures to manage the underlying causes and risk factors that can contribute to heart failure and therefore cardiac asthma. Here are some recommendations for prevention:

1. Managing heart disease: If you already have a diagnosed heart condition such as arterial hypertension (high blood pressure) or valve disease, follow the treatment plan prescribed by your doctor. Check in with your doctor regularly and follow his or her recommendations.
2. Healthy lifestyle: Leading a healthy lifestyle can reduce your risk of developing heart disease. Include a healthy diet, control your weight, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking and alcohol.
3. Physical activity level: Keep your physical activity level within the limits recommended by your doctor. Moderate physical activity can help strengthen the heart and blood vessels.
4. Blood pressure control: If you have hypertension, make sure you monitor your blood pressure and take prescribed medications. Have your blood pressure taken regularly at home or at your doctor's office.
5. Stress management: Effective stress management can reduce the negative effects on your heart. Try relaxation techniques, meditation or yoga.
6. Taking medications as prescribed: If you are prescribed medications to control heart disease, take them strictly as prescribed by your doctor.
7. Avoid overeating: Over eating can negatively affect the heart and increase the risk of heart failure. Eat reasonable portions of food and watch your diet.
8. Watch your symptoms: If you have signs of heart failure, such as swelling, shortness of breath, or fatigue, see your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
9. Follow your doctor's recommendations: If you are at risk of developing heart asthma because of existing heart problems, follow your doctor's recommendations and get regular medical checkups.

Preventing cardiac asthma requires a systematic approach to managing risk factors and following a healthy lifestyle. It is important to cooperate with your doctor and follow his or her recommendations to prevent the development of heart problems and related conditions.

Forecast

The prognosis of cardiac asthma depends on many factors, including the severity of the underlying heart disease, the degree of heart failure, the patient's age, the presence of comorbidities, and the effectiveness of treatment. Serious cases of cardiac asthma can be dangerous and require immediate medical intervention. However, with proper treatment and symptom management, most patients with cardiac asthma can improve their quality of life and continue to be active.

It is important to note that effective management of underlying cardiac disease (e.g., chronic heart failure) plays a critical role in the prognosis for patients with cardiac asthma. Following physician recommendations, taking medications regularly, and a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and moderate physical activity can help reduce symptoms and improve prognosis.

It is recommended that patients with cardiac asthma receive regular medical supervision and monitor their condition. If symptoms worsen, such as increased shortness of breath or worsening pulmonary edema, it is important to contact a doctor in time to adjust treatment.

Prognosis also depends on the patient's compliance with treatment and lifestyle recommendations. Adherence to a salt-restricted diet, regular use of prescribed medications, cessation of alcohol and smoking, and supervised physical activity can significantly improve the prognosis for patients with cardiac asthma.

As with any serious illness, it is important to consult with your doctor and follow his or her recommendations for the best treatment results and prognosis.

Literature used

• Shlyakhto, E. V. Cardiology: national guide / ed. By E. V. Shlyakhto. - 2nd ed., revision and addendum - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2021
• Cardiology according to Hurst. Volumes 1, 2, 3. 2023