Oncomarkers

Neuron-specific blood enolase

An increase in the concentration of neuron-specific enolase in the blood serum takes place in small-cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma, leukemia, after radiation and X-ray therapy, after an X-ray examination.

Prostatic specific antigen in the blood

Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the epithelium of the tubules of the prostate. Due to the fact that PSA is formed in the paraurethral glands, only very small amounts of it can be found in women.

Beta-chorionic gonadotropin in the blood

Chorionic gonadotropin - a hormone consisting of 2 subunits - alpha and beta, non-covalently connected to each other; the alpha subunit is identical to the alpha subunit of LH, FSH and TSH, the beta subunit is specific for chorionic gonadotropin.

Cancer antigen CA-15-3 in the blood

CA-15-3 is an antigen of the membrane of cells of metastatic breast carcinoma. In healthy individuals, it can be determined on the epithelium of secreting cells and in secrets. CA-15-3 has a sufficiently high specificity for carcinoma of the breast in comparison with its benign diseases.

Carbohydrate antigen SA-72-4 in the blood

SA-72-4 is a mucin-like glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 400,000. It is expressed in many fetal tissues and is practically not found in adult tissues. The level of CA-72-4 is increased in the blood serum of patients suffering from such malignant tumors of glandular genesis as carcinoma of the stomach, colon, ovaries, lungs.

Cancer antigen CA-125 in the blood

CA-125 is a glycoprotein present in serous membranes and tissues. In women of childbearing age, the main source of CA-125 is the endometrium, which is associated with a cyclic change in the level of CA-125 in the blood, depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Mucin-like associated antigen in the blood

Mucin-like associated antigen (MCA) is an antigen present in mammary gland cells. It is a serum mucin-glycoprotein. The concentration of MCA in the serum increases with breast cancer and in 20% with benign breast diseases

Carobohydrate antigen CA 19-9 in the blood

CA 19-9 is a glycoprotein found in the fetal epithelium of the pancreas, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, lungs. In adults, this antigen is a marker of the glandular epithelium of most internal organs and a product of their secretion. It should be noted that the antigenic determinant of the CA 19-9 antigen and the Ar of the Lewis blood group (Le (ab-)) are encoded by a single gene.

Cancer-embryonic antigen in the blood

Cancer-embryonic antigen - glycoprotein, formed during embryonic development in the gastrointestinal tract. The maintenance of cancer-embryonic antigen affects smoking and, to a lesser extent, alcohol intake.

Alpha fetoprotein in the blood

Alpha fetoprotein - glycoprotein, produced by the yolk sac of the embryo. Alpha fetoprotein as a cancer marker has the following clinical applications: first, to detect and monitor primary hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs, as a rule, in the cirrhotic liver; second, to identify teratoblastoma of the testicle and, third, to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy for these diseases.

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