Acute vascular insufficiency
Last reviewed: 23.04.2024
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Acute vascular insufficiency is characterized by a sudden impairment of blood circulation as a result of discrepancy between the volume of circulating blood and the capacity of the vascular bed. Development of the syndrome of small ejection in acute vascular insufficiency is associated with a decrease in venous return due to a sudden increase in the capacity of the vascular bed.
Depending on the extent of manifestations, acute vascular insufficiency is divided into systemic, with a decrease in systemic arterial pressure, and regional, with local disturbances of blood supply to organs and tissues.
In connection with the close functional unity of the cardiovascular system and the presence of compensatory changes in the activity of the heart in any hemodynamic disorders, the term "acute vascular insufficiency" is rather conditional. In most cases, the violations are more correctly called "cardiovascular insufficiency."
[What causes acute vascular insufficiency?
In the practice of emergency medicine, acute vascular insufficiency is very common. It develops with anaphylaxis, infectious diseases, spinal and craniocerebral trauma, blood loss, burns, heart disease and other pathological conditions. For all these diseases it is common to reduce the volume flow rate, decrease the intensity of metabolism through the vascular walls due to the reduction of perfusion in the arterial system and capillaries.
At the heart of hemodynamic disorders is a reduction in cardiac output due to a decrease in postload, a decrease in peripheral resistance and a decrease in the volume of circulating blood (relative and / or absolute). Violation of the perfusion of tissues and organs leads to the development of their hypoxia, disruption of energy supply and metabolism.
Acute vascular insufficiency is expressed in two forms: fainting and collapse. The main difference between them is the presence or absence of consciousness disorders. However, it is not always possible to differentiate these conditions and not always acute vascular insufficiency is accompanied by their manifestation. Loss of consciousness occurs only when the blood supply to the brain drops below a certain critical level, and clinically significant violations of central hemodynamics - only with a significant decrease in cardiac output.