Violation of reading

Disturbance of reading (dyslexia of development) is a specific reading disorder. Is expressed by numerous errors (replacements, omissions of letters, non-observance of their sequence), combined with a low rate of reading, not explained by the level of intelligence, visual acuity problems or insufficient schooling.

ICD-10 code

P81.0. Specific reading disorder. 

Epidemiology

There is no exact data on the prevalence, because there are no clear criteria for delineating from the extreme variants of the norm.

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Causes of violation of reading

It is suggested that the leading role of biological factors, including hereditary predisposition, is evidenced by the high concordance of the disorder in identical twins, and by tissue damage to the brain structures, with a violation of the formation of inter-analytic connections: auditory, visual, kinesthetic. Interaction with non-biological factors, such as the lack of favorable conditions for obtaining an education, a low social level of the family, neglect, complicates the course of the violation of reading.

How is the violation of reading manifested?

Disorders of reading are characterized by specific disorders, manifested as in a low rate of reading, and in numerous errors of a persistent nature, such as:

• omissions, substitutions, distortions or additions to words or parts of words;
• the permutation of words in a sentence or letters in words;
• long hesitations or "loss of space" in the text and inaccuracies in the expressions.

As a rule, there is a lack of understanding in the reading, children can not remember certain facts, draw conclusions or conclusions from the read.

Specific violations of reading skills are usually preceded by speech development disorders. At school age, accompanying emotional and behavioral disorders are characteristic.

Classification

There are the following types of reading disruptions:

• optical violation of reading, expressed in the difficulties of mastering individual letters that are close in writing, the inability to instantly encompass the word;
• motor impairment of reading, characterized by a disorder of reproduction of words, words, phrases, in their visual control and retention of articulatory postures;
• phonemic literal violation of reading, characterized by the mixing of letters that are similar in sound characteristics. With oral reading, this disorder manifests itself in omissions, distortions (vowels and consonants), replacements for scoring soft-hard, sonorous-deaf, whistling-hissing consonants. Often the connection between the violation of the functions of phonemic perception and motor reproduction is traced;
• phonemic verbal violation of reading are expressed in omissions, substitutions, distortions of words, stumbling on words that are complex in terms of sound structure. At the level of the phrase, verbal dyslexia leads to a rearrangement of words, difficulties in comprehending and inability to generalize what has been read. Phonemic verbal dyslexia, as a rule, is combined with phonemic literal dyslexia.

[7]

How to recognize a read violation?

Diagnostic algorithm (ICD-10)

• The presence of any of the signs. 
  • An indicator of the correctness of reading and / or understanding of reading into two standard errors is below the level expected for the age and general intellectual development of the child (reading skills and the coefficient of mental development are determined according to an individually appointed test, which takes into account the cultural conditions and the educational system in a standard way).
  • Anamnestic indications of serious difficulty in reading or test scores that meet criterion A at an earlier age; the spelling test score for at least two standard errors is below the level expected for the child's chronological age and its corresponding intellectual coefficient.
• Violations described in Criterion A significantly impede training or activities in daily life, where reading skills are necessary.
• This disorder is not a direct consequence of a visual, hearing or neurological defect.
• The school experience (with the exception of reading) corresponds to the average expected level.

Differential diagnostics

In the process of diagnostic measures, it is necessary to exclude secondary readings due to mental retardation, reduced hearing and visual acuity, social deprivation and pedagogical neglect. Differential diagnostics with reading difficulties caused by linguistic (interethnic) factors is also required.

In this regard, the following surveys are necessary; consultation of speech therapist, neurologist, neuropsychologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, instrumental studies - EEG, EchoEG, REG (in cases requiring differential diagnosis with slow neurological diseases). In addition, a hearing counselor and genetics are appointed.

[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]

Treatment of reading disability

The main value in the formation of reading is the holding of a special set of speech therapy sessions in individual and group forms. The duration of the course of corrective measures depends on the severity of dyslexia and can be 180 or more sessions. In order to activate the activity of brain structures, therapy is carried out using various neurometabolic stimulants (derivatives and analogues of GABA, cerebrovascular agents, polypeptides, organic composites, etc.). In the presence of concomitant emotional and behavioral disorders, sedative and antidepressant drugs are added. As additional treatment measures, physiotherapy, physical therapy, and massage are prescribed.

What forecast has a reading disorder?

Improve reading skills in the process of treatment and correction activities.