Vaccinations when going abroad

In the list of mandatory vaccinations for international travelers, there was only one - against yellow fever - for those leaving for endemic areas. Saudi Arabia requires vaccinations for hajj against meningococcal infection (types A, C, Y and W-135).

A number of countries require a vaccination certificate only for people entering from endemic areas, freeing travelers from non-endemic countries and traveling for no more than 2 weeks.

General recommendations for vaccination of travelers from Russia

Region	Hepatitis A	Polio	Japanese encephalitis	Meningitis	Typhoid fever	Yellow fever
Africa Center.	+	+		+	+	+
Africa East.	+	+		+	+	+
Africa North.	+	+			+
Africa South.	+	+			+
Africa West.	+	+		+	+	+
Asia East.	+		+		+
Asia South.	+		+		+
Asia Yu-V	+		+		+
The Pacific. Islands	+				+
Caribs	+				+	+
America Center.	+				+	+
South America	+				+	+
Hindustan	+		+		+
Cf. East	+			+	+

For travelers abroad, especially in exotic countries, the most relevant is hepatitis A. Some travel agencies have started offering tourists this type of vaccination, it is important that they are done to everyone, because give protection from hepatitis A within 7 days. Visiting rural areas of developing regions is useful to be nurtured from typhoid fever, and those who leave for Central and West. Africa, India and Pakistan to introduce a single dose of poliomyelitis vaccine. Do not forget about vaccinations against influenza - in airplanes, airports and other places of congestion people get flu infection very easily.

You can get information about the epidemiological situation in different regions on the Internet. The most complete CDC site, Atlanta: "The Yellow Book", updated every 2 years, and "Blue Sheets" - additions to the "Yellow Book with Data on Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases". Information is also provided by the ВОЗWHO International Society of Travel Medicine (www.istm.orgwww.istm.org).

And travel across Russia requires no less attention to infections, especially to hepatitis A, endemic in rural areas, and tick-borne encephalitis, common in the taiga and forest areas.

When traveling abroad families with children, they must be fully vaccinated according to the calendar; children of the 1st year are advised to be vaccinated according to the accelerated scheme: hepatitis B - 3 inoculations with an interval of 1 month, DTP - 3 inoculations with a monthly interval and revaccination after 6 months, poliomyelitis - IPV - 3 inoculations with a monthly interval. When leaving the measles region endemic in the measles region, the measles vaccine should be administered to the child, starting from the age of 6 months (with subsequent vaccination after a year), and a child over the age of 1 grafted once, to enter the second dose of the vaccine. Grippoz split and subunit vaccines can be administered from 6 months of age. The elderly fully vaccinated children are administered simultaneously all the missing vaccines; This experience has been accumulated in Russia in relation to children adopted by foreigners.

Early symptomatology of damage by biological and / or chemical agents

Symptomatology	Biological or chemical agent
Respiratory: Influenza	Smallpox, Tularemia, Qu fever, Rocky Mountains
Pharyngitis	Ebola, Lassa
Shortness of breath, stridor	Anthrax
Pneumonia	Plague, tularemia, fever Ku, hantavirus
Bronchospasm	Nervous-paralytic poisons
Skin: Vesicles	Smallpox
Petechia, purpura, bullae	Ebola, Lassa, the Rockies
Ulcers	Anthrax, tularemia
Burns	Mustard gas
Vascular: collapse, shock	Ricin, hantavirus
Bradyarrhythmia	Nervous-paralytic poisons
Bleeding	Toxin Т-2
Neurological: Hypotension	Botulism, nerve and paralytic poisons
Fasciculations	Nervous-paralytic poisons
Impaired orientation, coma	Ebola fever
Convulsions	Nervous-paralytic poisons
Meningitis	Anthrax
Renal: oliguria	Hantavirus
Gastrointestinal: Pain in the abdomen, vomiting of blood, melena	Anthrax
Diarrhea	Shiga toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin

Bioterrorism and vaccination

For the purposes of bioterrorism, the use of several highly virulent pathogens is likely, including with a change in their basic properties and sensitivity to antibiotics. These are the causative agents of smallpox, plague, anthrax, botulism (toxins), hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg), tularemia, Venezuelan horse encephalitis, sapa, melioidosis, influenza, typhus. Less likely to use pathogens of brucellosis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, cholera, tetanus toxins, diphtheria.

Smallpox virus - candidate number 1, because of prolonged (17 days) incubation, the infected individuals will widely spread it. It is available, apparently, not only in Russia and where it is stored in the collection; It is also possible to revive the virulence of vaccinia, to modify the properties of monkeypox and rodent viruses. Mortality among those not vaccinated against smallpox reaches 52%, among those vaccinated more than 20 years ago - 11.1%, and among vaccinated - less than 10 years ago - 1.4%, so that the infection is dangerous for vaccinated (before 1980) but they are probably more likely to undergo revaccination. Mass vaccination is fraught with an "epidemic of side effects", including lethal cases. WHO strategy - surveillance: patient search and vaccination of contact persons. It is important to create a safe vaccine - in Russia they test oral vaccine vaccine.

Biological attack is likely in the outbreak of diseases with the same general symptoms (fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea).

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]