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Health

Vaccinations when going abroad

, medical expert
Last reviewed: 20.11.2021
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In the list of mandatory vaccinations for international travelers, there was only one - against yellow fever - for those leaving for endemic areas. Saudi Arabia requires vaccinations for hajj against meningococcal infection (types A, C, Y and W-135).

A number of countries require a vaccination certificate only for people entering from endemic areas, freeing travelers from non-endemic countries and traveling for no more than 2 weeks.

General recommendations for vaccination of travelers from Russia

Region

Hepatitis A

Polio

Japanese encephalitis

Meningitis

Typhoid fever

Yellow fever

Africa Center.

+

+

 

+

+

+

Africa East.

+

+

 

+

+

+

Africa North.

+

+

   

+

 

Africa South.

+

+

   

+

 

Africa West.

+

+

 

+

+

+

Asia East.

+

 

+

 

+

 

Asia South.

+

 

+

 

+

 

Asia Yu-V

+

 

+

 

+

 

The Pacific. Islands

+

     

+

 

Caribs

+

     

+

+

America Center.

+

     

+

+

South America

+

     

+

+

Hindustan

+

 

+

 

+

 

Cf. East

+

   

+

+

 

For travelers abroad, especially in exotic countries, the most relevant is hepatitis A. Some travel agencies have started offering tourists this type of vaccination, it is important that they are done to everyone, because give protection from hepatitis A within 7 days. Visiting rural areas of developing regions is useful to be nurtured from typhoid fever, and those who leave for Central and West. Africa, India and Pakistan to introduce a single dose of poliomyelitis vaccine. Do not forget about vaccinations against influenza - in airplanes, airports and other places of congestion people get flu infection very easily.

You can get information about the epidemiological situation in different regions on the Internet. The most complete CDC site, Atlanta: "The Yellow Book", updated every 2 years, and "Blue Sheets" - additions to the "Yellow Book with Data on Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases". Information is also provided by the WHO International Society of Travel Medicine (www.istm.org).

And travel across Russia requires no less attention to infections, especially to hepatitis A, endemic in rural areas, and tick-borne encephalitis, common in the taiga and forest areas.

When traveling abroad families with children, they must be fully vaccinated according to the calendar; children of the 1st year are advised to be vaccinated according to the accelerated scheme: hepatitis B - 3 inoculations with an interval of 1 month, DTP - 3 inoculations with a monthly interval and revaccination after 6 months, poliomyelitis - IPV - 3 inoculations with a monthly interval. When leaving the measles region endemic in the measles region, the measles vaccine should be administered to the child, starting from the age of 6 months (with subsequent vaccination after a year), and a child over the age of 1 grafted once, to enter the second dose of the vaccine. Grippoz split and subunit vaccines can be administered from 6 months of age. The elderly fully vaccinated children are administered simultaneously all the missing vaccines; This experience has been accumulated in Russia in relation to children adopted by foreigners.

Early symptomatology of damage by biological and / or chemical agents

Symptomatology

Biological or chemical agent

Respiratory: Influenza

Smallpox, Tularemia, Qu fever, Rocky Mountains

Pharyngitis

Ebola, Lassa

Shortness of breath, stridor

Anthrax

Pneumonia

Plague, tularemia, fever Ku, hantavirus

Bronchospasm

Nervous-paralytic poisons

Skin: Vesicles

Smallpox

Petechia, purpura, bullae

Ebola, Lassa, the Rockies

Ulcers

Anthrax, tularemia

Burns

Mustard gas

Vascular: collapse, shock

Ricin, hantavirus

Bradyarrhythmia

Nervous-paralytic poisons

Bleeding

Toxin Т-2

Neurological: Hypotension

Botulism, nerve and paralytic poisons

Fasciculations

Nervous-paralytic poisons

Impaired orientation, coma

Ebola fever

Convulsions

Nervous-paralytic poisons

Meningitis

Anthrax

Renal: oliguria

Hantavirus

Gastrointestinal: Pain in the abdomen, vomiting of blood, melena

Anthrax

Diarrhea

Shiga toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin

Bioterrorism and vaccination

For the purposes of bioterrorism, the use of several highly virulent pathogens is likely, including with a change in their basic properties and sensitivity to antibiotics. These are the causative agents of smallpox, plague, anthrax, botulism (toxins), hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg), tularemia, Venezuelan horse encephalitis, sapa, melioidosis, influenza, typhus. Less likely to use pathogens of brucellosis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, cholera, tetanus toxins, diphtheria.

Smallpox virus - candidate number 1, because of prolonged (17 days) incubation, the infected individuals will widely spread it. It is available, apparently, not only in Russia and where it is stored in the collection; It is also possible to revive the virulence of vaccinia, to modify the properties of monkeypox and rodent viruses. Mortality among those not vaccinated against smallpox reaches 52%, among those vaccinated more than 20 years ago - 11.1%, and among vaccinated - less than 10 years ago - 1.4%, so that the infection is dangerous for vaccinated (before 1980) but they are probably more likely to undergo revaccination. Mass vaccination is fraught with an "epidemic of side effects", including lethal cases. WHO strategy - surveillance: patient search and vaccination of contact persons. It is important to create a safe vaccine - in Russia they test oral vaccine vaccine.

Biological attack is likely in the outbreak of diseases with the same general symptoms (fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea).

trusted-source[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]

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